LATEST Fluid and electrolyte balance 2024 EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

Intracellular - ANSWER- Fluid inside the cells Extracellular - ANSWER- Fluid outside the cells, further broken down into interstitial, intravascular & transcellular Interstitial - ANSWER- Extracellular fluid, water that surrounds body's cells including lymph Intravascular - ANSWER- ECF, fluid or blood plasma, the fluid within arteries, veins & capillaries Transcellular - ANSWER- ECF, fluids in specific compartments like cerebrospinal fluid, digestive juices & synovial fluid in joints 60 - ANSWER- _ % of young adults body is water, 50% is water of elderly & 70% is water in infants Electrolytes - ANSWER- Chemicals that conduct electricity when dissolved in water, examples are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, acids & bases Antidiuretic - ANSWER- Hormone that causes kidneys to retain fluid Diffusion - ANSWER- Movement of substance from area of higher to lower concentration Filtration - ANSWER- Movement of both water & smaller molecules thru semipermeable membrane Hydrostatic - ANSWER- _ pressure, water pushing pressure, is the force that water exerts Osmosis - ANSWER- Movement of water from area of lower to higher substance concentration Diuretic - ANSWER- Substance causes kidneys to excrete more fluid Osmolarity - ANSWER- 'Tonicity', refers to concentration of the substances in body fluids, normal of blood is 270-300 mOsm/L, classified as isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic Isotonic - ANSWER- Fluid that has same osmolarity as blood, examples are 0.9% normal saline Hypotonic - ANSWER- Solution has lower osmolarity than blood, water in solution leaves blood & other ECF areas and enters the cells Hypertonic - ANSWER- Exert greater osmotic pressure than blood, water leaves cells & enters the blood and other ECF areas Sensible - ANSWER- _ losses are those which person is aware like urination Insensible - ANSWER- _ losses are those which person is unaware of like perspiration, water lost thru respiration & feces elimination Dehydration - ANSWER- Fluid deficit, occurs when there's not enough fluid in body especially in the blood Hypovolemia - ANSWER- Caused by decrease in fluid from body resulting in decreased blood volume, occurs from hemorrhage, severe vomiting & diarrhea, severely draining wounds & profuse sweating and from third spacing Third spacing - ANSWER- Fluid from intravascular space moves into the interstitial space, occurs in burns, liver cirrhosis & extensive trauma Dehydration - ANSWER- Common causes of _ include diarrhea, diuretics, fever, hemorrhage, severely draining wounds, vomiting, diabetes insipidus, GI suction, systemic infection, draining fistulas & absecess, NPO status Thirst - ANSWER- Initial symptom of Hypovolemia Dehydration - ANSWER- Signs and symptoms of _ include thirst, poor skim turgor (tenting), temperature increases, urine output decreases & more concentrated, constipation, complications include organ function decreased to failing Weight loss - ANSWER- Method to evaluate dehydration, most reliable indicator of fluid loss/gain, 1-2lbs/day suggests loss, 1 pint of water, 16 ounces equal to 1 pound Dehydration - ANSWER- Patient with _ has elevated BUN & hematocrit, specific gravity of urine is increased Hypervolemia - ANSWER- Overhydration, too much fluid in body, excess fluid in intravascular space, caused by poorly controlled IV, excessive irrigation or excessive ingestion of water, condition like renal/heart failure can contribute & inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Hypervolemia - ANSWER- Signs & symptoms include increased BP, bounding pulse, increased shallow respirations, neck veins distended, pitting edema, skins pale & cool, kidneys increase output, rapidly gained weight, crackles, dyspnea & ascites Hypervolemia - ANSWER- Complications result in congestive heart failure, cause pulmonary edema, and lead to inadequate oxygen & organ failure to death Hypervolemia - ANSWER- Treatment include elevate head of bed to semi/high fowlers position, admin oxygen, diuretics (usually loop like furosemide) and fluid/sodium restrictions 30 - ANSWER- Report urinary output less than _ ml per hour 30 - ANSWER- Adult needs _ml/kg/day of fluids which is about 2-3 liters of fluids Sodium - ANSWER- Sources of _ include frozen vegetables, frozen pizza, salsa, soup, salad dressing, tomato juice, potato chips, tortilla chips & pretzels Potassium - ANSWER- Sources of _ include bananas, potatoes with skin, green leafy vegetables, yogurt, sweet potato, apricot dried, cantaloupe, kidney beans, split peas, spinach, soybean, prune juice Cations - ANSWER- Electrolytes carries a positive charge, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium Anions - ANSWER- Electrolytes carry negative charge 135 145 - ANSWER- Normal serum sodium level _ to _ mEq/L, cation, ECF, helps nerve impulse & heart contractions 3.5 5 - ANSWER- Normal serum potassium level is _ to _ mEq/L, important for cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle & smooth muscle function 4.5 5.5 - ANSWER- Normal serum calcium level is _to _ mEq/L or 9 to 11 mg/L 1.5 2.5 - ANSWER- Normal serum magnesium level is _ to _ mEq/L Calcium - ANSWER- _ food sources include fortified cereal, milk, yogurt, cheese, soy, tofu, salmon, dark green veggies, oatmeal, perch, trout Sodium - ANSWER- Most abundant extracellular electrolyte, major cation in blood, helps maintain serum osmolarity so often associated with fluid imbalance, important for cell function Hyponatremia - ANSWER- Sodium level less than 135 mEq, prevent by increasing Na intake, patient at risk are NPO, excess sweating, diuretics, GI suctioning; s/s like