LATEST FNDH 400 final 2024

T/F Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 3 fructoses and 4 galactose bonded together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both polysaccharide and a probiotic - False, Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 3 fructoses and 4 galactose bonded together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both OLIGOSACCHARIDE and a PREBIOTIC T/F Different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ill vs total digestibility, a single reference pattern, and is truncated. - False, Different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ill vs total digestibility, MULTIPLE reference pattern, and is NOT truncated. T/F Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the beta bonds in fiber thereby increasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence. - False, Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ALPHA 1-6 BONDS in OLIGOSACCHARIDES thereby DECREASING the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence. T/F People with PKU need to avoid foods containing acefulfame-K because they have a mutation in tyrosine hydroxylase. - False, People with PKU need to avoid foods containing ASPARTAME because they have a mutation in PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE T/F Since fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, it will result in less free fructose available for uptake than the free fructose found in high fructose corn syrup. - False, Since fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, it will result in ROUGHLY THE SAME AMOUNT OF fructose available for uptake COMPARED TO the free fructose found in high fructose corn syrup. T/F Fermenable, viscous fiber is he best option to increase in someone wanting to increase their stool bulk to decrease their fecal transit time - False, NONFermenable, NONviscous fiber is he best option to increase in someone wanting to increase their stool bulk to decrease their fecal transit time T/F Eicosaniods produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-6 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid are more inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the essential omega-3 fatty acid Linoleic acid - False, Eicosaniods produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha- linolenic acid are LESS inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the essential omega-6 fatty acid Linoleic acid T/F Saccharine is similar in structure to sucrose, the only difference being chlorines that replace alcohols groups - False, SUCRALOSE is similar in structure to sucrose, the only difference being chlorines that replace alcohols groups T/F Sugar alcohols (polyols) are a good option for chewing gum because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth decreasing acid production and thus cavity formation. - True T/F complementary proteins are two incomplete proteins that have different lacking amino acids, thus combining them together hey compensate for the lacking amino acid in the other food. - False, complementary proteins are two incomplete proteins that have different LIMITING amino acids, thus combining them together hey compensate for the LIMITING amino acid in the other food. T/F Bile, which is produced by the pancreas and concentrated in the liver, helps neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum - False, Bile, which is produced by the LIVER and concentrated in the GALLBLADDER, HELPS EMULSIFY LIPIDS Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme responsible for this action - Carbohydrates, Salivary amylase Name the components of pancreatic juice. What is the function of these compnents? - Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. Bicarbonate helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum. Most of the digestive enzymes active in the small intestine are provided by pancreatic juice. Thus, without it digestion of macronutrients would not occur. What alternative sweetener is a concern for individuals with PKU? Why is it a concern for those with PKU? - Aspartame. It is a concern because it is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid hat individuals with PKU need to limi because they can't metabolize I and it can lead to adverse effects if consumed at too high levels Gastric Juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? What is not properly functioning to allow this to occur? - Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease is a result of a leaky lower esophageal sphincter What are the bond differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose? - Glycogens chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch point Oligosaccharides confina alpha 1-6 bonds Cellulose contains beta bonds Name two alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artitifical or synthesized) - Luo Han Gul Extract Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of what type of fatty acids? what the pros and cons of these fatty acids? - Trans fatty acids The pros are that trans fatty acids increase the melting point of the oil, making it solid and room temperature and thus easier to handle the cons are the consumption of trans fat increases LDL and decreases HDL Briefly describe the digestion processes in the stomach and which macronutrient is not digested to any great extent? - Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase and HCI. HCI activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein. Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides. Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes. Carbohydrates are not digested to nay great extent in the stomach. T/F Following digestion of starch, glucose and fructose would be the products left for uptake into the enterocyte - False, Following digestion of starch, GLUCOSE would be the products left for uptake into the enterocyte T/F following the consumption of the Ornish diet, lipoprotein lipase would be active to cleave fatty acids from lipoproteins like VLDL - True T/F LDL is larger, less dense and more cholesterol-rich than VLDL from having accumulated more cholesterol during its formation - False, LDL is SMALLER, MORE dense and more cholesterol-rich than VLDL from having TRIGLYCERIDES CLEAVED during its formation T/F Foam cells, red blood cells that take up a lot of VLDL/oxidized VLDL, when they die form a fatty streak in arteries that contribute to atherosclerosis - False, Foam cells, WHITE blood cells that take up a lot of LDL/oxidized LDL, when they die form a fatty streak in arteries that contribute to atherosclerosis T/F following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids, VLDL will be released from the small intestine into capillaries and travel through the portal vein to the liver - False, following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids, CHYLOMICRONS will be released from the small intestine into LACTEAL and travel through the LYMPH BEFORE REACHING the liver AS CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS T/F Leucine is metabolized to acetoacetyl-CoA, it is thus is classified as glycogenic and ketogenic amino acid. - False, Leucine is metabolized to acetoacetyl-CoA, it is thus is classified as KETOGENIC amino acid. T/F Insulin resistance is common in type 1 diabetes, because insulin binds to the insulin receptors but GLUT 2 does not move to the cells surface to allow glucose uptake. - False, Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes, because insulin binds to the insulin receptors but GLUT 4 does not move to the cells surface to allow glucose uptake.