Child-Bearing Family NPN 201
Reproductive Anatomy Review
• The main Purpose of the Male and Female Reproductive System is to produce offspring.
• The sex of the Fetus is determined at the time of conception. Undifferentiated for
the first 8weeks.
• Gametogenesis: sex cell formation.
• By the 12th week, differentiation of the external genitals is complete.
• At birth in females all eggs available for reproduction is present at birth.
• Oocyte: eggs
• Oogenesis: development of the female ovum.
• Spermatozoa: sperm
• Spermatogenesis: sperm production.
• Sperm is first produced with puberty – continues until death.
• Eggs may still be present but during menopause, they don’t release during
ovulationanymore.
• Chromosomes: structures made of DNA and Protein that govern the development of an
organism. Have 23 sets = 46 total. One from the set comes from the mom and the
othercomes from the dad.
• Males represent the Y chromosome.
• Females represent the X chromosome.
• 22 of the 23 sets are Autosomes (alike in everyone)
• The last set consists of sex chromosomes.
• The male determines the sex of the fetus.
• Sperm that carries XY combination is a Male
• The sperm that carries the XX combination is Female.
Female Reproductive System:
External Genitals: (page 52)
• Mons Pubis: softly rounded, made up of SubQ fat. It protects the pelvic bone.
• Labia Majora: longitudinal raised folds of pigmented skin.
• Labia Minora: Soft folds of skin within labia majora that converge at the fourchette.
• Clitoris: located between the labia minora.
• Urethral Meatus where you insert a catheter.
• Paraurethral Glands (Skene’s Glands): Open into the posterior wall. Help lubricate the
vaginal vestibule.
• Vestibule: has a vaginal opening.
, • Perineal Body: wedge-shaped mass found between the lower part of the vagina and
theanus.
Internal Structures: (page 53)
• Vagina: muscular and membranous tube that connects external genitals with the uterus.
Walls are covered with ridges (rugae). Serves as the passageway for sperm and for the
fetus during birth. Also, provides passage for the menstrual flow. It protects against
infection from pathogenic organisms.
• Uterus: hollow muscular thick walled organ, shaped like an upside-down pear.
• Fundus: The upper portion of the uterus.
• Corpus: the body of the uterus.
• Cervix: the lower portion of the Uterus.
• The Corpus or Body is made up of 3 layers: Figure 3-8 page 54
o Perimetrium: the outermost portion of the corpus.
o Myometrium: the middle layer of the corpus.
o Endometrium: the innermost layer.
• The Myometrium has 3 layers of uterine involuntary muscles. They each serve a
purpose.
• Cervix: a protective portal for the body of the uterus. Has an Enter Os (opening) that
opens to the body of the uterus. The External Os opens to the vagina.
o Functions: provides lubrication, acts as a bacteriostatic agent and provides an
alkaline pH.
• Uterine Ligaments: support and stabilize the reproductive organs.
• Fallopian Tubes: arise from each side of the uterus and reach almost to the sides of the
pelvis where they turn into the ovaries.
o Divided into 3 Parts:
▪ Isthmus: comes from the uterus.
▪ Ampulla: closer to the ovary (middle portion).
▪ Infundibulum (Fimbriae): closest and almost connected to the ovary.
o The function of Fallopian Tubes: is to transport the ovum to the uterus.
Provides a site for fertilization. Where fertilization takes place. Provides a
nourishing environment for the ovum.
• Ovaries: 2 almond-shaped glandular structures just below the pelvic brim, one on each
side of the pelvic cavity.
o Primary Source of 2 Important Hormones:
▪ Estrogen
▪ Progesterone
• Breast (Mammary Glands): (page 351) are considered accessories of the reproductive
system. They are specialized sebaceous glands.
o The center of each mature breast is the Nipple.
o The nipple is surrounded by heavily pigmented tissue called the Areola.
, o Breasts are composed of granular, fibrous, and adipose tissue. Each lobe is
made up of several lobules – made up of many grapelike clusters called alveoli.
o Functions of the Breast: provide nourishment and protect maternal
antibodies to infants through the lactation process.
• Bony Pelvis: (page 170) has 2 functions to support and protect pelvic contents and to
form the structure of the birth passage.
o 4 Basic Female Pelvic Types:
▪ Gynecoid: most favorable for a vaginal birth. The typical female pelvic.
Only about half of women have this type.
▪ Anthropoid: elongated in its dimensions. The AP diameter is roomy but
the transverse is narrow. About 25% of women have this type. It is still
possible to have a vaginal delivery.
▪ Android: (typical male pelvis), it is more heart-shaped. About 20% of
women have this pelvic type, and this one is not favorable for vaginal
birth.
▪ Platypelloid: the least common type. Flat in its dimensions. Opposite of
the anthropoid – the AP is very narrow but the transverse is wide. About
5% of women have this type. Gynecologist
Male Reproductive System
Essential Organs:
• Pair of Gonads (Testis): responsible for the production of sperm and the production of
testosterone.
o Testosterone: responsible for the development of the male accessory organs.
Causes greater muscle mass and strength.
o Development of Masculine Characteristics: deep voice and body hair.
• Ducts:
o Epididymis: located at the top of each testis, single coiled tightly tube, sperm
mature and develop the ability to move here.
o Vas Deferens: after sperm leave the epididymis they enter here and travel through.
o Spermatic Cord: this leads into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal
canal, arches over the urinary bladder, and then curves downward on the
posterior sideof the bladder. Joins the duct from the seminal vesical to form the
ejaculatory duct.
o Ejaculatory Duct: passes through the substance of the prostate gland allowing
sperm to empty into the urethra, then to the penis, then to the external urinary
meatus.
• Supportive Glands:
o Semen: a mixture of sperm and fluid from the reproductive glands.
o Seminal Vesicles: located under and behind the urinary bladder. Produce a thick
yellowish fluid rich in fructose.
, o Prostate Gland: donut-shaped gland located just below the urinary bladder.
Produces a thin milky fluid that helps activate sperm and maintain their motility.
o Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: 2 glands located below the prostate. They
secrete a mucous-like fluid into the penis, help neutralize the acid environment
and lubricate the end of the penis.
External Genital:
• Penis: male organ of sexual intercourse.
• Scrotum: skin-covered pouch that holds the testes, suspended from the groin.
03-04-2016
Female Reproductive Cycle
• Composed of the ovarian cycle during which ovulation occurs and the menstrual cycle
during which menstruation occurs.
• Ovaries function: to produce mature gametes and secrete hormones.
• Ovary: is sensitive to FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) & LH (Luteinizing
Hormone).
• Uterus: sensitive to Estrogen and Progesterone.
Ovarian Cycle:
• Cyclical changes in the ovaries occur in the response to 2 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
(FSH & LH)
• Two Phases: (named after the hormone that has the most control over that particular
phase.)
o Follicular Phase: FSH has control over this phase.
▪ Encompasses day 1 – day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
▪ Follicle on one of the ovaries starts to develop due to rising levels of FSH.
▪ This Follicle produces Estrogen which matures the Follicle.
▪ The Follicle grows and fills with Estrogen rich fluid and resembles a tiny
blister on the Ovary.
▪ Graafian Follicle: mature Follicle.
▪ When the pituitary gland detects this Estrogen from the mature Follicle it
releases a surge of LH.
▪ The surge of LH causes the Follicle to burst open releasing the mature
Ovum
into the Abdominal Cavity – called Ovulation.
▪ Ovulation occurs on Day 14 of the 28 Day cycle.
o Luteal Phase: LH has control
▪ Includes Day 15 – Day 28
▪ After Ovulation LH levels remain elevated and cause the remains of the
Follicle to develop into a Yellow Body called the Corpus Luteum.
Reproductive Anatomy Review
• The main Purpose of the Male and Female Reproductive System is to produce offspring.
• The sex of the Fetus is determined at the time of conception. Undifferentiated for
the first 8weeks.
• Gametogenesis: sex cell formation.
• By the 12th week, differentiation of the external genitals is complete.
• At birth in females all eggs available for reproduction is present at birth.
• Oocyte: eggs
• Oogenesis: development of the female ovum.
• Spermatozoa: sperm
• Spermatogenesis: sperm production.
• Sperm is first produced with puberty – continues until death.
• Eggs may still be present but during menopause, they don’t release during
ovulationanymore.
• Chromosomes: structures made of DNA and Protein that govern the development of an
organism. Have 23 sets = 46 total. One from the set comes from the mom and the
othercomes from the dad.
• Males represent the Y chromosome.
• Females represent the X chromosome.
• 22 of the 23 sets are Autosomes (alike in everyone)
• The last set consists of sex chromosomes.
• The male determines the sex of the fetus.
• Sperm that carries XY combination is a Male
• The sperm that carries the XX combination is Female.
Female Reproductive System:
External Genitals: (page 52)
• Mons Pubis: softly rounded, made up of SubQ fat. It protects the pelvic bone.
• Labia Majora: longitudinal raised folds of pigmented skin.
• Labia Minora: Soft folds of skin within labia majora that converge at the fourchette.
• Clitoris: located between the labia minora.
• Urethral Meatus where you insert a catheter.
• Paraurethral Glands (Skene’s Glands): Open into the posterior wall. Help lubricate the
vaginal vestibule.
• Vestibule: has a vaginal opening.
, • Perineal Body: wedge-shaped mass found between the lower part of the vagina and
theanus.
Internal Structures: (page 53)
• Vagina: muscular and membranous tube that connects external genitals with the uterus.
Walls are covered with ridges (rugae). Serves as the passageway for sperm and for the
fetus during birth. Also, provides passage for the menstrual flow. It protects against
infection from pathogenic organisms.
• Uterus: hollow muscular thick walled organ, shaped like an upside-down pear.
• Fundus: The upper portion of the uterus.
• Corpus: the body of the uterus.
• Cervix: the lower portion of the Uterus.
• The Corpus or Body is made up of 3 layers: Figure 3-8 page 54
o Perimetrium: the outermost portion of the corpus.
o Myometrium: the middle layer of the corpus.
o Endometrium: the innermost layer.
• The Myometrium has 3 layers of uterine involuntary muscles. They each serve a
purpose.
• Cervix: a protective portal for the body of the uterus. Has an Enter Os (opening) that
opens to the body of the uterus. The External Os opens to the vagina.
o Functions: provides lubrication, acts as a bacteriostatic agent and provides an
alkaline pH.
• Uterine Ligaments: support and stabilize the reproductive organs.
• Fallopian Tubes: arise from each side of the uterus and reach almost to the sides of the
pelvis where they turn into the ovaries.
o Divided into 3 Parts:
▪ Isthmus: comes from the uterus.
▪ Ampulla: closer to the ovary (middle portion).
▪ Infundibulum (Fimbriae): closest and almost connected to the ovary.
o The function of Fallopian Tubes: is to transport the ovum to the uterus.
Provides a site for fertilization. Where fertilization takes place. Provides a
nourishing environment for the ovum.
• Ovaries: 2 almond-shaped glandular structures just below the pelvic brim, one on each
side of the pelvic cavity.
o Primary Source of 2 Important Hormones:
▪ Estrogen
▪ Progesterone
• Breast (Mammary Glands): (page 351) are considered accessories of the reproductive
system. They are specialized sebaceous glands.
o The center of each mature breast is the Nipple.
o The nipple is surrounded by heavily pigmented tissue called the Areola.
, o Breasts are composed of granular, fibrous, and adipose tissue. Each lobe is
made up of several lobules – made up of many grapelike clusters called alveoli.
o Functions of the Breast: provide nourishment and protect maternal
antibodies to infants through the lactation process.
• Bony Pelvis: (page 170) has 2 functions to support and protect pelvic contents and to
form the structure of the birth passage.
o 4 Basic Female Pelvic Types:
▪ Gynecoid: most favorable for a vaginal birth. The typical female pelvic.
Only about half of women have this type.
▪ Anthropoid: elongated in its dimensions. The AP diameter is roomy but
the transverse is narrow. About 25% of women have this type. It is still
possible to have a vaginal delivery.
▪ Android: (typical male pelvis), it is more heart-shaped. About 20% of
women have this pelvic type, and this one is not favorable for vaginal
birth.
▪ Platypelloid: the least common type. Flat in its dimensions. Opposite of
the anthropoid – the AP is very narrow but the transverse is wide. About
5% of women have this type. Gynecologist
Male Reproductive System
Essential Organs:
• Pair of Gonads (Testis): responsible for the production of sperm and the production of
testosterone.
o Testosterone: responsible for the development of the male accessory organs.
Causes greater muscle mass and strength.
o Development of Masculine Characteristics: deep voice and body hair.
• Ducts:
o Epididymis: located at the top of each testis, single coiled tightly tube, sperm
mature and develop the ability to move here.
o Vas Deferens: after sperm leave the epididymis they enter here and travel through.
o Spermatic Cord: this leads into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal
canal, arches over the urinary bladder, and then curves downward on the
posterior sideof the bladder. Joins the duct from the seminal vesical to form the
ejaculatory duct.
o Ejaculatory Duct: passes through the substance of the prostate gland allowing
sperm to empty into the urethra, then to the penis, then to the external urinary
meatus.
• Supportive Glands:
o Semen: a mixture of sperm and fluid from the reproductive glands.
o Seminal Vesicles: located under and behind the urinary bladder. Produce a thick
yellowish fluid rich in fructose.
, o Prostate Gland: donut-shaped gland located just below the urinary bladder.
Produces a thin milky fluid that helps activate sperm and maintain their motility.
o Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands: 2 glands located below the prostate. They
secrete a mucous-like fluid into the penis, help neutralize the acid environment
and lubricate the end of the penis.
External Genital:
• Penis: male organ of sexual intercourse.
• Scrotum: skin-covered pouch that holds the testes, suspended from the groin.
03-04-2016
Female Reproductive Cycle
• Composed of the ovarian cycle during which ovulation occurs and the menstrual cycle
during which menstruation occurs.
• Ovaries function: to produce mature gametes and secrete hormones.
• Ovary: is sensitive to FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) & LH (Luteinizing
Hormone).
• Uterus: sensitive to Estrogen and Progesterone.
Ovarian Cycle:
• Cyclical changes in the ovaries occur in the response to 2 Anterior Pituitary Hormones
(FSH & LH)
• Two Phases: (named after the hormone that has the most control over that particular
phase.)
o Follicular Phase: FSH has control over this phase.
▪ Encompasses day 1 – day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
▪ Follicle on one of the ovaries starts to develop due to rising levels of FSH.
▪ This Follicle produces Estrogen which matures the Follicle.
▪ The Follicle grows and fills with Estrogen rich fluid and resembles a tiny
blister on the Ovary.
▪ Graafian Follicle: mature Follicle.
▪ When the pituitary gland detects this Estrogen from the mature Follicle it
releases a surge of LH.
▪ The surge of LH causes the Follicle to burst open releasing the mature
Ovum
into the Abdominal Cavity – called Ovulation.
▪ Ovulation occurs on Day 14 of the 28 Day cycle.
o Luteal Phase: LH has control
▪ Includes Day 15 – Day 28
▪ After Ovulation LH levels remain elevated and cause the remains of the
Follicle to develop into a Yellow Body called the Corpus Luteum.
