MTM-Final Exam Basic Science
Ionized forms like A- and BH+ are ________ and ______ diffusible across
membrane
water; poorly
generic equation used to calculate week acidic and basic drugs
10 ^(pka-pH) = protonated/unprotonated
equation to calculate weak acidic drugs
10^(pka-pH) = [nonionized(HA)]/[ionized(A-)]
equation to calculate weak basic drugs
10^(pka-pH) = [ionized (BH+)]/[nonionized(B0]
if the pka and pH difference is 1 or -1: ionization is
90% or 10%
if the pka and pH difference is 2 or -2: ionization is
99% or 1%
if the pka and pH difference is 3 or -3: ionization is
99.9% or 0.1%
if the pKa-pH is negative for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in ____ medium and is
more _______
basic medium; ionized (A-)
if the pKa-pH is positive for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in _____ medium and is
more _____
acidic medium; nonionized (HA)
_____ poisoning is treated by making urine basic by administering sodium
bicarbonate
aspirin (acidic drugs)
______ poisoning is treated making urine acidic by administering ammonia
chloride or ascorbic acid
amphetamine (basic drug)
p-glycoprotein (PGP)
ATP-dependent efflux pump found in intestine where it pumps drugs or it metabolites
into intestine lumen for elimination (phase 3)
what inhibits p-glycoprotein and increases drug absorption
grapefruit juice
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia seen in
hypertrophy
physiologic hyperplasia
hormonal- female breast and uterus during pregnancy
compensatory- liver after damage, kidney, bone marrow
mechanism for physiologic hyperplasia
increase local growth factor, GF receptors or activation of intracellular signaling
pathways
,pathologic hyperplasia
excessive hormonal stimulation
Ex: endometrium - increased estrogen - endometrial cancer
prostate - increased androgen - constriction of urethra
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
where is hypertrophy seen in
non dividing cells (myocardial fibers) & cells capable of division (smooth m.)
pathologic or physiologic hypertrophy
increased functional demand- cardiac hypertrophy (increased workload of heart)
hormonal stimulation - uterine smooth muscle stimulated by estrogen during pregnancy
atrophy
shrinkage of cells by loss of cell substance and decreased cell number; may result in
cell death
pathologic causes of atrophy
decreased workload (disuse), loss of innervation, decreased blood supply (ischemia),
inadequate nutrition, aging (senile)
mechanisms of atrophy
reduction of cellular components, apoptosis, associated with numerous autophagic and
lipofuscin granules
common condition associated with atrophy
Alzheimer's' disease
thin gyri, wide sulcus (global loss0
metaplasia
REVERSIBLE change in which one cell type is replaced by another from chronic
irritation
common example of metaplasia
Barrett Esophagus - columnar metaplasia
normal esophageal squamous to intestinal-type columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen; cause cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration
example of hypoxia
vascular occlusion - ischemia
physical agents of cellular injury
mechanical trauma
temperature extremes
sudden changes in ATM
radiation
electric shock
chemical agents and drugs
simple chemicals
poisons
, environmental pollutants
occupational hazards f
reversible cellular injury
cellular swelling, fatty changes, intracellular accumulations
pyknosis
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus
karyolysis
fading of chromatin
necrosis
tissue death
apoptosis
programmed cell death
coagulative necrosis
basic form of necrosis resulting from ischemia
cell boarders and eosinophilia
identify
coagulative necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
result of heterolytic digestion- autolytic form seen with ischemic injury to CNS
no cell boarders or eosinophilia
identify
liquefactive necrosis
caseous necrosis
combined liquefactive and coagulative; "cheesy like" ; no cell bodies but has
eosinophilia; associated w/ myobacterial infections, fungal diseases, tularemia, and
lymphogranuloma venereum
identify slide
fat necrosis
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
enzymatic fat necrosis
example of fat necrosis
pancreatitis
dry gangrene
"mummification" - COAGULATIVE NECROSIS - tissue dries out and becomes greenish
yellow to dark brown to black
wet gangrene
gangrenous area become infected inducing significant amount of LIQUEFACTIVE
NECROSIS
fibroid necrosis
-immune reactions in vessels
-immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) and fibrin are deposited in vessel
walls
Ionized forms like A- and BH+ are ________ and ______ diffusible across
membrane
water; poorly
generic equation used to calculate week acidic and basic drugs
10 ^(pka-pH) = protonated/unprotonated
equation to calculate weak acidic drugs
10^(pka-pH) = [nonionized(HA)]/[ionized(A-)]
equation to calculate weak basic drugs
10^(pka-pH) = [ionized (BH+)]/[nonionized(B0]
if the pka and pH difference is 1 or -1: ionization is
90% or 10%
if the pka and pH difference is 2 or -2: ionization is
99% or 1%
if the pka and pH difference is 3 or -3: ionization is
99.9% or 0.1%
if the pKa-pH is negative for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in ____ medium and is
more _______
basic medium; ionized (A-)
if the pKa-pH is positive for acidic drug, the acidic drug is in _____ medium and is
more _____
acidic medium; nonionized (HA)
_____ poisoning is treated by making urine basic by administering sodium
bicarbonate
aspirin (acidic drugs)
______ poisoning is treated making urine acidic by administering ammonia
chloride or ascorbic acid
amphetamine (basic drug)
p-glycoprotein (PGP)
ATP-dependent efflux pump found in intestine where it pumps drugs or it metabolites
into intestine lumen for elimination (phase 3)
what inhibits p-glycoprotein and increases drug absorption
grapefruit juice
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia seen in
hypertrophy
physiologic hyperplasia
hormonal- female breast and uterus during pregnancy
compensatory- liver after damage, kidney, bone marrow
mechanism for physiologic hyperplasia
increase local growth factor, GF receptors or activation of intracellular signaling
pathways
,pathologic hyperplasia
excessive hormonal stimulation
Ex: endometrium - increased estrogen - endometrial cancer
prostate - increased androgen - constriction of urethra
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
where is hypertrophy seen in
non dividing cells (myocardial fibers) & cells capable of division (smooth m.)
pathologic or physiologic hypertrophy
increased functional demand- cardiac hypertrophy (increased workload of heart)
hormonal stimulation - uterine smooth muscle stimulated by estrogen during pregnancy
atrophy
shrinkage of cells by loss of cell substance and decreased cell number; may result in
cell death
pathologic causes of atrophy
decreased workload (disuse), loss of innervation, decreased blood supply (ischemia),
inadequate nutrition, aging (senile)
mechanisms of atrophy
reduction of cellular components, apoptosis, associated with numerous autophagic and
lipofuscin granules
common condition associated with atrophy
Alzheimer's' disease
thin gyri, wide sulcus (global loss0
metaplasia
REVERSIBLE change in which one cell type is replaced by another from chronic
irritation
common example of metaplasia
Barrett Esophagus - columnar metaplasia
normal esophageal squamous to intestinal-type columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen; cause cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration
example of hypoxia
vascular occlusion - ischemia
physical agents of cellular injury
mechanical trauma
temperature extremes
sudden changes in ATM
radiation
electric shock
chemical agents and drugs
simple chemicals
poisons
, environmental pollutants
occupational hazards f
reversible cellular injury
cellular swelling, fatty changes, intracellular accumulations
pyknosis
nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of nucleus
karyolysis
fading of chromatin
necrosis
tissue death
apoptosis
programmed cell death
coagulative necrosis
basic form of necrosis resulting from ischemia
cell boarders and eosinophilia
identify
coagulative necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
result of heterolytic digestion- autolytic form seen with ischemic injury to CNS
no cell boarders or eosinophilia
identify
liquefactive necrosis
caseous necrosis
combined liquefactive and coagulative; "cheesy like" ; no cell bodies but has
eosinophilia; associated w/ myobacterial infections, fungal diseases, tularemia, and
lymphogranuloma venereum
identify slide
fat necrosis
Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids
enzymatic fat necrosis
example of fat necrosis
pancreatitis
dry gangrene
"mummification" - COAGULATIVE NECROSIS - tissue dries out and becomes greenish
yellow to dark brown to black
wet gangrene
gangrenous area become infected inducing significant amount of LIQUEFACTIVE
NECROSIS
fibroid necrosis
-immune reactions in vessels
-immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) and fibrin are deposited in vessel
walls
