HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology 2024 (Latest Update)

What is histology? The study of tissues What is a tissue? A group of cells that act together to perform a specific function. What are the fundamental tissues? Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve (Elephants Can Make News) What is the function of epithelial cells? Cover, line, and protect the body and the internal organs. What is the function of connective tissue? Framework of the body. Provides support and structure to organs. What is neuroglia? The neurons and connective tissue cells that compose nerve tissue. What ability does muscle tissue have? Ability to contract and shorten. What is muscle tissue classified as? Voluntary(skeletal muscles) and involuntary(smooth & cardiac) What is meiosis? The cell division that takes place in the gonads, i.e. the ovaries and testes. What two layers compose the skin? Epidermis and dermis. What is the epidermis? The outermost protective layer of dead keratinized epithelial cells. What is the dermis? The underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and the associated skin tissues. What are the layers of the epidermis? Corneum Lucidum Granulosum Germivatum ( basale & spinosum) Mnemonic: Candy Lions Growl Great. Image: What are the layers of the epidermis? What does the protein pigment melanin protect against? Radiation from the Sun What is the dermis composed of? Fibrous connective tissue with nerve endings, blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands. What are the 2 types of sweat glands? ecrine & apocrine What do ecrine sweat glands produce? Sweat. Regulate body temperature. What do apocrine sweat glands produce? Secretions contain bits of cytoplasm from cells, attracting bacteria that produces body odor. What do sebaceous glands secrete? They secrete sebum through the hair follicles, which lubricates the skin and prevents drying. What secretion produces oil? Holocrine secretion. What are sebaceous glands prone to during adolescence? Becoming clogged and attracting bacteria. What protein composes the hair and skin? Keratin What makes the body's framework? Bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints. What are the functions of the skeletal system? Support, movement, blood cell formation, protection of internal organs, detoxification, muscle attachment, mineral storage. A MIME BATHED SEALS SINGING "MY PONY" How are bones classified? By shape. Long Short flat irregular sesamoid LEMURS SING SALSA FOR INDIANS What is the name for the cells that compose compact bone? Osteoblasts What occurs to osteoblasts when they become fixed in the dense bone matrix? They stop dividing but continue to maintain body tissues as osteocytes. How many bones make up the axial skeleton? 28 bones of the skull. 14-facial, 14-cranium. Image: How many bones make up the axial skeleton? How many bones make the facial skeleton? 2 nasal bones 2 maxillary bones 2 zygomatic bones 1 mandible 2 palatine bones 1 vomer 2 lacrimal bones 2 inferior nasal bones Image: How many bones make the facial skeleton? What are the bones of the cranium? single occipital frontal ethmoid sphenoid paired parietal temporal ossicles What bone structures are in the ossicles (ears) ? malleus, incus, stapes How many bones make the skeletal column? 33 bones Image: How many bones make the skeletal column? How many cervical vertebrae in the skeletal column? 7