Anatomy & Physiology II LAB BIO 202L Lab 14 The Urinary System Worksheet (New Version December 2024) Straighterline

Anatomy & Physiology II LAB BIO 202L Lab 14 The Urinary System Worksheet (New Version December 2024) Straighterline Straighterline Anatomy & Physiology II LAB BIO 202L Lab 14 The Urinary System Worksheet (New Version December 2024) Straighterline Anatomy & Physiology II LAB BIO 202L Lab 14 The Urinary System Worksheet (New Version December 2024) Student Name: Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): Lab Report Format Expectations Utilize college level grammar and professional formatting when completing this worksheet. Submissions without proper formatting, all required photos or sufficient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Questions 1. What is the function of the ureter? Act as a passageway for urine from the kidney into the bladder. 2. Compare and contrast the male and female urethra. The male urethra is approximately 20 cm long and comprises the penial, membranous, and prostatic sections. When it emerges from the penis' extremity through the urinogenital orifice, it includes both urine and semen. In contrast, the female urinary system is only 4 cm long, lacks discrete sections, and functions to carry urine. The vaginal aperture is accessible through the urine aperture. 3. Describe the two layers of the kidneys. Three main layers make up the kidney: 4. • The stiff connective tissues that comprise the outermost layer are the renal fascia. 5. • The intermediate layer, or the perineal fat capsule, stabilizes the kidney. 6. • The innermost layer is the renal capsule. EXPERIMENT 1: KIDNEY FILTRATION Introduction Questions 1. What specific part of the kidney does the dialysis tubing represent? What is this part’s function? Dialysis tubing is a representation of the kidney's U-shaped tubules. A nephron is a prominent morphological and functional unit of the kidney, a U-shaped tubule found in the kidney."Due to the semi-permeability of its layer, the nephron facilitates the entry and exit of numerous ions and water molecules from the body." 2. What does the yellow food coloring represent at the end of the experiment? What does the Congo Red represent? Urine is indicated in yellow, while blood traces are visible in red in the dialysis bag. Data and Observations Record your observations as required by the experimental procedure in the table below. Table 1: Solutions Present in Each Container Before 60 Minutes Submersion Solution Dialysis Tubing Beaker Congo Red yes no Yellow Food Coloring no yes Table 2: Solutions Present in Each Container After 60 Minutes Submersion Solution Dialysis Tubing Beaker Congo Red yes no Yellow Food Coloring no yes Results and Discussion 1. Why is it important that the kidney filters the blood? In your response, discuss what is being removed and what is being selectively retained. Wastes are excreted from our bodily functions, which the kidneys eliminate from the blood. Depending upon the body part that hormones control, the kidney excretes and reabsorbs electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules. Bound acids and ammonium ions regulate the blood pH, and the kidney regulates the concentration of these particles in the blood. The kidneys filter urea from the blood, a waste product of amino acid synthesis that contains nitrogen. Nitrogenous byproducts of amino acid synthesis will build up if the kidneys cannot filter the blood. Thus, the waste would remain unfiltered. EXPERIMENT 2: URINALYSIS Introduction Questions 1. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with high levels of glucose, ketones and an acidic pH, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? Diagnose for diabetic ketoacidosis because of the high levels of PH, ketones, and glucose. 2. If you were a doctor and a patient’s urinalysis came back with an alkaline pH and high levels of protein, what diagnosis would you immediately look into? These values lead me to suspect an infection of the urinary tract. Data and Observations Use Table 3, below, for the following Data, Observations, Results and Discussion questions that require interpretation of the Urine Test results. Table 3: Urine Test Interpretation Test Normal Abnormal pH 4.5 - 7.5 Acidic Urine (below 4.5) - Diabetes, starvation, dehydration, respiratory acidosis. Alkaline Urine (above 7.5) - Kidney disease, kidney failure, urinary tract infection, respiratory alkalosis. Glucose None Glucose present (red or green color after test); diabetes mellitus. Protein None Protein present (violet color after test); kidney disease. Yeast None Yeast present (bubbles form after test); yeast infection in urinary tract. Ketones Little or None Large amount of ketones present (sweet smell of urine); starvation, prolonged vomiting, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and other metabolic disorders. Record your observations as required by the experimental procedure in the tables below. Table 4: Simulated Urine pH Test Simulated Urine Sample pH A 6 B 7 C 6 D 8 Table 5: Simulated Urine Glucose Test Simulated Urine Sample Color Before Hot Water Bath Color After Hot Water Bath A Pale blue blue B Deep blue orange C blue Pale blue D blue blue Table 6: Simulated Urine Protein Test Simulated Urine Sample Color Before Biuret Solution Color After Biuret Solution A light Blue B clear Pale green C clear purple D clear green Table 7: Simulated Urine Yeast Test Simulated Urine Sample Bubbles Before Hydrogen Peroxide? Bubbles After Hydrogen Peroxide? A No yes B yes yes C No No D yes yes Table 8: Simulated Urine Ketone Test Simulated Urine Sample Odor Observation A Neither B Neither C Neither D Neither Fill in Tables 9 through 12. Refer to Table 3 to determine if each result was normal or abnormal. If abnormal, include the data that indicates this (e.g., a pH of 3.2 means that glucose is present). Table 9: Sample A Test Test Results pH Normal Glucose Normal Protein Normal Yeast Abnormal Ketones Normal Table 10: Sample B Test Test Results pH Normal Glucose Abnormal Protein Normal Yeast Normal Ketones Normal Table 11: Sample C Test Test Results pH Alkaline Glucose Orange Protein Purple Yeast Normal Ketones No color change Table 12: Sample D Test Test Results pH Similar Glucose Similar Protein Similar Yeast Similar Ketones Similar Results and Discussion 1. Using the results from each urine sample, along with Table 3, diagnose the condition(s), if any, that each sample patient is experiencing a. Table 9 Diagnosis: The pH is normal because it falls between 4.5 and 7.5. Usually, urine doesn't smell sweet, which could indicate that sugar or glucose is present. The protein levels are expected if the urine is clear and contains no bubbles or foam. A yeast infection can cause urine to appear cloudy, black, or crimson and smell awful. The appearance of the light-yellow urine indicates the absence of fungus. The results were negative for ketones even though darker-colored urine typically contains higher amounts of ketone. b. Table 10 Diagnosis: The pH is normal because it falls between 4.5 and 7.5. The pee on the test strip smelt sweet, possibly from sugars or glucose, and had a vivid orange color. The protein levels are normal if there are no bubbles or foam in the urine. The yeast infection may cause the urine to smell bad and turn cloudy, black, or red.Nevertheless, the clear urine showed that there was no yeast infection. Although darker urine typically contains higher ketone levels, the ketone findings were negative. c. Table 11 Diagnosis: The pH was abnormal, given that the results were 8, although the typical pH range is 4.5 to 7.5. The urine smelt sweet, maybe from sugar or glucose, and had a bright orange color. The protein concentration was abnormal, and the urine was bubbly, frothy, and foamy. It also had a hint of purple or blue. A yeast infection can cause urine to appear cloudy, black, or crimson and smell awful. The brilliant yellow urine test findings indicate the absence of fungus. For ketone, however, the outcomes were poor. d. Table 12 Diagnosis: Because of its ideal pH range of 4.5 to 7.5, since the pee doesn't smell pleasant right now, there may be glucose present. The protein concentrations are expected if there's no froth, bubbles, or foam in the urine. Infection with yeast may result in murky, dark, or crimson urine with an unpleasant odor. The clear yellow urine shows the absence of a yeast infection. There were no ketone indicators in the data—the amount of ketone in the urine increases with its hue. 2. What other conditions can urine be used to test for? Diabetes, pregnancy and certain STDs can be detected in urine. EXPERIMENT 3: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE URINARY SYSTEM Introduction Questions 1. Which component of the urinary system is a funnel shaped cavity formed by the union of calices, ending in the ureter. The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped area. The significant calyces are where urine is collected before entering the ureter. 2. Where is the prostatic sinus in relation to the prostate? On both sides of the urethra. On the urethra's two sides. The prostate guards the prostatic sinus. Prostatic ducts from the prostate's peripheral lobes enter the sinus through several apertures. Data and Observations Insert screenshot of the prostate: Insert screenshot of the renal medulla: Insert screenshot of the renal pelvis: Results and Discussion 1. Which component of the urinary system is more lateral: the left kidney or the urinary bladder? Particularly concerning the bladder, the left kidney is more lateral. Also, the bladder is positioned farther medially. 2. What is the most superior component of the urinary system? The urinary system's kidney is its most intricate component. The urinary system consists of the bladder, urethra, and kidney ureters. EXPERIMENT 4: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - THE URINARY SYSTEM Introduction Questions 1. Identify the labeled components of the kidney in the image below. A. medullary pyramid. B. major calyx C. renal cortex D. renal artery E. renal vein F. ureter 2. What is the function of the urinary bladder? Urine storage for a brief period of time 3. What is the function of the adrenal glands? Production of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels salt absorption, fat metabolism, stressor balance, and protein 4. Would you think the kidneys are highly vascularized? Why or why not? The kidneys do indeed have considerable vascularization. Within the renal tissue, the renal arteries that feed blood to the kidneys branch widely, creating a complex web of blood vessels. The kidneys' principal job of filtering blood to eliminate waste and unwanted chemicals and produce urine depends on this high vascularity. The ample blood supply ensures enough blood flows to the kidneys to maintain overall body homeostasis and enable efficient filtration. 5. Explain in detail the process by which urine is made. Globular filtration. Blood is filtered in the glomerulus, the site of glomerular filtration. About 99 percent of the collected filtrate is retrieved by the renal tubules. Tubular secretion is the next stage in the production of urine. Data and Observations Insert a high resolution photo of the fetal pig you observed at the end of the experimental procedure, before you prepare it for storage. Your photo must include: ● Your handwritten name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. ● The required anatomical features according to the experimental procedure. Photos not meeting these requirements, or that are of too low a resolution to clearly make out these features, will result in this lab submission being rejected. Results and Discussion 1. Write a paragraph describing the features of the fetal pig urinary system you observed. (Hint: Your response should be 6-10 sentences.) The urinary system performs the vital job of removing waste from the body in a fetal pig. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra are the main parts of this system. The kidneys function as filters by filtering waste materials out of the circulation. The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder are called ureters. Urine is expelled from the body through the urinary bladder, a sac-like organ close to the fetal pig's umbilical cord. In addition to removing pee from the bladder, the urethra—which is unique in males—transports sperm. This complex mechanism maintains general physiological equilibrium in the developing fetal pig and guarantees efficient waste disposal.