Summary Pharmacology For Nurses A Pathophysiological Approach 6th Edition Adams Test Bank- Unit One

Pharmacology For Nurses A Pathophysiological Approach 6th Edition Adams Test Bank- Unit One Pharmacology - Study of medicine; how drugs are administered; where drugs travel in the body, Response that drugs produce. drug - A chemical substance that is taken to cause changes in a person's body or behavior medication - A substance that is used to treat or prevent disease or relieve pain. biologics - agents naturally produced in animal cells, in microorganisms, or by the body itself Mechanism of Action - how a drug produces its physiological effect in the body Bioavailability - the extent to which the body can absorb and use a nutrient Therapeutic classification of drugs: - Based on what the drug does clinically Pharmacologic Classification - Based on the drug's mechanism of action, or how the drug produces its effect Most Drugs have three names - Chemical, Generic, Trade (CHEMICAL: (1/2)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid; GENERIC: ibuprofen; TRADE: Motrin) Generic vs. Trade-Name Drugs - Trade name drugs with exclusive rights cost more. When rights end, competing companies offer generic form cheaper prescription drugs - Drugs legally available only with a physician's order. Over the counter drugs (OTC) - can be purchased without a prescription Black Box Warnings - One of the primary alerts for identifying extreme adverse drug reactions discovered during and after the review process; 1997 FDA created "Black Box Warnings" Contraindications - factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment why should healthcare professionals be concerned about patients taking herbal medicines? - patients could be putting themselves at risk, potential herb-drug interactions U.S. Pharmacopoeia (USP) - 1820; 1st comprehensive publication formulary used in the U.S.; drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis. USP and National Formulary (NF) - , two drug standards in the US by the American Pharmaceutical Association (APhA). 1. USP - all drug products. 2. National Formulary (NF) - pharmaceutical ingredients. U.S. Pharacopoeia -National Formulary (USP-NF) - 1975 merged into a single publication Biologic Control Act - 1902 standardized serum and blood-related products Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906 - Established government control (FDA) for labeling medicines Shirley Amendment - 1912 - Prohibited drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938) and amendments - 1938- Thorough testing of drug; Proof of safety and efficacy of drug Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, -Controls misleading industry claims Four Stages of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs - 1. Preclinical investigation (1-3 years, average 18months) 2. Clinical investigation (2-10 years; average 5 years) 3. Review of new drug application (NDA) (2 months -7 years, average 24 months) 4. Postmarketing surveillance (adverse reaction reporting; surveys/sampling/testing; inspections) Addiction - The overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeated Dependence - A physiological or psychological need for a substance Physical dependence - An altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeated drug use. Psychological dependence - Few signs of physical discomfort when drug is withdrawn, but intense compelling desire to continue drug use Controlled Substances - Are restricted by the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Have a high potential for addiction or dependence. Have restricted use. Are placed into one of five schedules: Schedule I drugs have the highest abuse potential, Schedule V the lowest Teratogenic Drug Classification - Five categories of risk that a drug poses to a fetus in the case of a pregnant woman taking the drug. A, B, C, D, and X; Class A is the safest, while X poses the most danger to the fetus.