WGU D167 Psychology Exam Questions and Answers LATEST 2024/2025 (100% Solved)

WGU D167 Psychology Exam Questions and Answers LATEST 2024/2025 (100% Solved) Cognitive Development (Piaget) - Answer Sensorimotor-explores through the senses, gains object permanence Preoperational-can't see other people's point of view (egocentrism) Concrete operational-concept of conservation, logical thinking Formal operational-adult reasoning develops, abstract thinking, metacognition (thinking about thinking) cognitive development stage 1 - Answer Infancy (0-2): Crawl, babble Cognitive Development Stage 2 - Answer Early Childhood (2-7): During this phase expose children to as many things as possible. Welcome mistakes, emphasize joy of learning. Cognitive Development Stage 3 - Answer Middle Childhood (6-10): Children continue to grow, get adult teeth, refine fine motor skills that lead to better writing, drawing, sewing, building. Cognitive Development Stage 4 - Answer Adolescent (10-18): Continue to grow. Females grow first and stop growing as boys continue to grow past high school. Hormones kick in and may cause behavioral issues and altered moods. Arnold Gessell - Answer Theory of development based on maturational readiness Established growth norms Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Answer physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization WGU D167 Psychology Exam Questions and Answers LATEST 2024/2025 (100% Solved) 2 Physiological needs - Answer those relating to the basic biological necessities of life: food, drink, rest, and shelter Safety - Answer the second rung of Maslow's hierarchy; refers to need for freedom from danger Love & Belonging - Answer friendship, family, sexual intimacy Esteem (Maslow) - Answer self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others Self-actualization (Maslow) - Answer morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts Vygotsky's Theory - Answer A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. MKO (more knowledgeable other) - Answer Vygotsky's term for someone who helps a child learn a new concept by working with that child in his/her zone of proximal development. assimulation- Piaget - Answer using our current schemas to interpret the outside world Accomodation (Piaget) - Answer when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas (organized pattern of thought or behavior) 3 Disequilibrium (Piaget) - Answer When encountering new data or information, you experience disequilibrium, a cognitive conflict, until you can either assimilate or accommodate it and achieve equilibrium Schema (Piaget) - Answer Patterns of thought and behavior Equilibrium (Piaget) - Answer balance between assimilation and accommodation Vygotsky Elementary Mental Functions - Answer Attention, sensation, perception, memory Vygotsky higher mental functions - Answer MKO, ZPD, Scaffolding Vygotsky: Scaffolding - Answer Assisted learning with cues from more knowledgable individual Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Answer Vygotsky's concept of the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher Vygotsky 3 types of speech - Answer 1. Social External 2. Self talk outloud (Private) 3. Inner self talk Erickson's theory - Answer -8 stages of psychosocial development -each stage has development task that conforms individuals with a crisis that must be faced 4 Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) - Answer Birth -1: Babies trust others will care for their basic needs or they develop mistrust about the care or others. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) - Answer 3-6 yrs, good: sense of purpose, ability to initiate activities, ability to enjoy accomplishment, bad: fear of punishment, restrict himself, show off Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - Answer 6-12 yrs. Children compare themselves to peers in most areas; sports, classwork, family etc. If they feel that they don't measure up they can become inferior. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson) - Answer 12-18yr, Adolescents main task is developing a sense of self. Who they are, what they want to be, trying new things. Successful in this stage means that through hardships the adolescent can stay true to self. Role confusion occurs when adolescents do not stay true to self or try to search for who they are. They can become unsure of their identity and struggle to find themselves as adults Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) - Answer 20-40 yrs, good: love, intimate relationships, commitment. bad: avoidance of commitment, alienation, distancing oneself. If they do not figure out the earlier stages then they may isolate. Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory - Answer Emphasizes behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development 5 Bandura's Social Learning Theory - Answer Emphasizing learning through observation, vicarious learning and modeling Bandura 3 kinds of models - Answer 1. Live: In person 2. Verbal: Explains or describes behavior 3. Symbolic: Video game, movie, shows, video Bandura's steps to modeling - Answer 1. Attention: Focus on what the model is doing 2. Retention: Remember what is observed 3. Reproduction: Perform the behavior 4. Motivation: Must have a need to be motivated to copy the behavior. Social Cognitive Theory - Answer 1.Observational Learning: Observe others 2.Self efficacy: Belief that one can master a given task 3.Self Regulation: Bandura's 3 way's modeling affects behavior - Answer 1. Observational 2.Inhibition and disinhibition 3. Response Fascilitation Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - Answer Moral development takes place in stages and awareness of other people increases at each stage Kholberg's stages of moral development - Answer preconventional, conventional, postconventional EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: 6 Kohlberg & Heinz Dilema - Answer Obeying the law vs. saving a life Level 1: Preconventional - Answer follows rules to avoid unpleasant consequences Level 2 Conventional - Answer Lives up to expectations of others. Fulfills duties and obligations of social system. Upholds laws. Level 3 Postconventional - Answer Individual's disobey rules and challenge laws that do not align with their own principles. classical conditioning - Answer a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events operant conditioning - Answer the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses Carol Gilligan - Answer moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse Carol Gilligan stages - Answer 1. Pre conventional: I love myself 2. Conventional: I love you more than I love myself 3. Post conventional: I love you and I love myself Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device - Answer every child is born with the knowledge to acquire language EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: 7 babbling stage - Answer beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. Lip sounds, vowels. Motherese - Answer baby talk Skinner's Theory of Language Development - Answer Skinner, a behaviorist, thought that children learn language through imitation and reinforcement. As parents correct incorrect speech acts and reinforce correct ones, the child learns the rules of language. Behaviorist Theory of Second Language - Answer Children learn language through 3 key processes; imitating, prompting from others, shaping from others (parents affirming a response.) language development theories - Answer learning (environmental or behaviorist), nativist, interactionist Student challenges in learning are related to... - Answer cognitive, language, physical, social and emotional intrinsic barriers - Answer within one student Extrinsic Barriers - Answer environmental circumstances Developmental Milestones - Answer Cognition; thinking and reasoning language; recieve and express motor coordination; gross and fine motor skills social interaction; initiate peer contact EMAIL ME: 8 adaptive; eat, sleep, bath Bloom's Taxonomy - Answer knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation Signs of cognitive processing disorder - Answer Difficulty paying attention Poor memory Difficulty with reading and spelling struggle to plan and prioritize Leads to inconsistent learning performance unless help is given. Followed by poor self esteem and feelings of being untrustworthy. Usually manifests in bad behavior. intellectual disability - Answer a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound Causes of intellectual disability - Answer 1. Genetics 2. During pregnancy 3. During Birth (low oxygen) 4. Disease Behavioral Disorders - Answer 1. Emotional Behavior 2. Emotional Conflict 3. Severe Emotional Disturbance EMAIL ME: 9 telegraphic sentence - Answer A sentence shorter than five words in length. Utterances and Language Disorders - Answer 1.Language 2. Speech/sound disorder 3. Childhood onset 4. social pragmatic 5. Unspecified holographic speech - Answer Single word to stand for a whole sentence of meaning Spearman intelligence theory - Answer One specific "G" factor, smartness varies across the board, Sternberg's Triarchic Theory - Answer analytical, creative, practical Thurnstone's primary mental abilities - Answer our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. "G" factor, book smart Fluid Intelligence - Answer Quick, abstract and decreases as we age Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences - Answer 1. Verbal linguistic 2.Math/logical 3.Musical EMAIL ME: 10 4.Visual 5.Naturalistic 6.Bodily Kinisthetic 7.Interpersonal 8. Intrapersonal Crystalized Intelligence - Answer Accumulated knowledge and increases as we age. Inquiry based learning - Answer Students learn by engaging in a range of different investigations that are descriptive or experimental Discovery Learning - Answer students are encouraged to learn largely on their own through active involvement with concepts and principles, and teachers encourage students to have experiences and conduct experiments that permit them to discover principles for themselves Direct Instruction - Answer Developed by Siegried for underpriveleged at risk youth. Curriculum based, step by step instruction, quick checks, mastery Sequential learning - Answer must be performed in a specific sequence Working Memory - Answer Captures pictures and does phonological loop Long term memory - Answer Experiences create automated response Declarative Memory - Answer Symantic Episodic 11 Humanistic Theory kkl; - Answer Individual focused learning based on free will, self actualization. The approach studies the whole person. People are basically good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better. Development of disorders and learning barriers - Answer acquired through culture and environmental factors