VET 113 Proctored Exam Questions And Correct Answers, With Complete Verified Solution.

VET 113 Proctored Exam Questions And Correct Answers, With Complete Verified Solution. Anatomy Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts Physiology Deals with the functions of the body and its parts Tissue types of integument Epithelial (covers and lines), Connective (provides support), Muscle (enables movement), and Nervous (controls work) List the structures that comprise the integumentary system and describe the function of each 1. Hair: Maintain body temperature and camouflage 2. Glands: Prevents drying of the skin, contains antibacterial and antifungal properties to reduce the skin's risk of infection; helps cool the body through evaporation; assist animals in identifying one another 3. Claws & Declaws: Maintaining traction, defense, catching prey 4. Hoof: Movement and weapon 5. Horns & Antlers: Used as weapons, status symbol, and attractive secondary sex characteristic Epithelial Cells Protects, covers, and lines Filters biochemical substances Absorbs nutrients Provides sensory input Manufactures secretions Manufactures excretions Absorptive cell Blanketed by dense microvilli that maximize absorption by increasing surface contact with the nutrient-filled lumen Goblet cell Manufacture and store lubricating mucus that is secreted onto the luminal surfaces of the epithelia Myoepithelial cells Assist with the discharge of secretions into the glandular duct Fibroblasts Manufacture and secrete both the fibers and the ground substance characteristic of their particular matrix Adipocytes Store energy as fat Thermal insulator Prevents heat loss from the body Mechanical shock absorber around organs Reticular Cells Involved in the immune response and in the manufacture of reticular fibers Mast cells Contain histamine and heparin, which are potent biochemicals that initiate an inflammatory response when released into the tissue Leukocytes WHITE BLOOD CELLS Involved in defense immune system; protect the body by engulfing and digesting invading microbes and manufacture antibodies that attach to microbes and destroy them Macrophages Phagocytizing scavengers; Engulft microbes, microinvaders, dead cells, and debris that are digested in the macrophage's lysosomes Erythrocytes RED BLOOD CELLS Carry oxygen from the lungs to the body, and bring carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be expelled Thrombocytes PLATELETS Stop bleeding by clumping and clotting Neurons Possess and trasmit information: Receives impulses from other cells and conducts impulses away from the cell body; Forms connections with many other tissues Neuroglial cells Support the neurons (do no transmit impulses) Isolate the conductive membranes Provides a supportive framework that helps bind the components of neural tissue together Phagocytize debris Help supply nutrients to neurons by connection them to blood vessels Skull Axial Skeleton Collection of flat bones that are fused or hinged together to form a solid mass of bone Protects the brain, forms the nasal passages and eye sockets, and creates jawbones for biting and chewing, serve as sites of attachment for muscles of facial expression, chewing, swallowing , and head and neck movement Hyoid Bone Axial Skeleton Structure made of bone and cartilage that forms a sling to support the larynx, pharynx, and tongue. Assists in the processes of swallowing. Spinal Column Axial Skeleton Consists of a series of bony vertebrae that extend along the long axis of the body from the scull to the end of the tail; The vertebrae act as a central support for the body and protect the spinal cord Ribs Axial Skeleton Associated with the thoracic vertebrae and form a protective cage around the heart and lungs; Aid in the process of respiration Sternum Axial Skeleton A series of bones that lie medially on the ventral surface of the thorax; Helps protect the contents of the chest and aids in the breathing process Thoracic Limb Appendicular Skeleton Support the front end of the body; Aren't connected to the axial skeleton by bone, only by ligaments and tendons Pelvic Limb Appendicular Skeleton Support the rear end of the body; Main source of propulsion and strength when the animal runs or jumps Visceral Skeleton Bones that form in soft organs to strengthen or support Parts of the skeletal system Axial: Skull, Hyoid Bone, Spinal Column, Ribs, Sternum Appendicular: Thoracic Limb, Pelvic Limp Fibrous Joints Found in skulls and in splint bones of horses; Immoveable because they're united by fibrous tissue Cartilaginous joints Found in the vertebrae, pelvis, and mandible; only somewhat moveable- move in a rocking-type motion Synovial Joints Found in most moveable areas of the body; Freely moveable joints Includes articular surfaces on the bones, articular cartilage covering the articular surfaces, and a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule. Firm connective tissues bands (ligaments) may help stabilize the bones and hold the joint together Skeletal Muscle -Moves the bones of the skeleton by contracting, generates heat -Voluntary striated -Multiple nuclei -Cell shape: long, thin fiber -Nerve supply necessary for function -Well defined group of muscle cells surrounded by a fibrous connective sheath (epimysium); thick central portion (belly) and two or more attachment sites that join them to watever structures they move when they contract Cardiac Muscle -Found in the heart -Pumps blood -One nucleus per cell -Branched cell shape (smaller than skeletal muscle cells) -Contracts continually throughout the life of the animal -Involuntary striated -Nerve supply modifies activity, no necessary for function; Multi-unit necessary for function -Cardiac muscle cells are securely attached to each other end to end to form intricate, branching networks of cells -Attachment sites (intercalated discs) securely fasten the cells together and transmit impulses from cell to cell to allow large groups of cardiac muscle cells to contract in a coordinated manner Smooth Muscle -Located in internal organs, blood vessels, eye -Produces movements in internal organs and structures -Single nuclei -Nonstriated, involuntary -Spindle cell shape -Nerve supply: Visceral- modifies activity, not necessary for function -Found in two main forms: large sheets of cells in the walls of some hallow organs or small, discrete groups of cells Cells Basic functional units of animal life; smallest subdivisions of the body that are capable of life Can carry out all life functions necessary to support itself or it can divide the work and specialize in multicellular animals Tissues Specialized cells that group together -Epithelial: Cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb materials -Connective: Holds the body together (connects its cells) and gives it support -Muscle: Moves the body inside and out -Nervous: Transmits information around the body and controls body functions Organs Groups of tissues that work together for common purposes Systems Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities Cranial Toward the head end of the body Rostral Toward the tip of the nose Caudal Toward the tail end of the body Dorsal Toward the back Ventral Toward the belly Medial Toward the median plane Lateral Away from the median plane Deep (internal) Toward the center Superficial (external) Toward the surface Proximal Toward the body (extremity) Distal Away from the body (extremity) Palmar "Back" of forelimb from carpus distally Plantar "Back" of hindlimb from tarsus distally Dorsal 2 "Front" of forelimb and hindlimb from carpus and tarsus distally Mechanism of muscle contraction 1. When a muscle fiber is in a relaxed state, the actin and myosin filaments overlap only a little 2. When the fiber is stimulated to contract, the globular heads attached to the tails of the myosin filaments (which are in contact with the actin filaments), ratchet back and forth and pull the actin filaments on both sides toward the center of the myosin filaments 3. This sliding of the filaments over each other shortens the sacromere 4. The combined shortening of all the end-to-end sacromeres in a muscle fiber results in a muscle contraction Head and neck skeletal muscles Support the head, allow for chewing, control facial expressions, and move the ears and eyes as needed Abdominal skeletal muscles Support the abdominal organs, arch the back, and aid in respiration, vomiting, the elimination of urine and feces; in females helps to expel the fetus at birth Thoracic limb skeletal muscles Locomotion Pelvic limb skeletal muscles Locomotion Skeletal muscles of respiration Aid in breathing by increasing and decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity to draw air into, and push air out of, the lungs Cancellous bone Spongy bone Light, but very strong; helps reduces the weight of the bones of the skeleton without significantly reducing their strength Compact bone Very heavy, dense, and strong Makes up the shafts of long bones and the outside layer of all bones Composed of a series of tube-like structures arranged so that the tube shafts are parallel to the bone shaft Trabeculae Irregularly arranged group of bony material plates Spicules Spine-like pieces of bony material Haversian canal The center of each tube shaft in compact bone Route through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel through compact bone Lamella Bone layer Lacunae Small spaces interspersed between the lamellae at random intervals Where osteocytes reside Canaliculi Channels of lacunae that reach to nearby lacunae and the haversian canal Volkmann's canals Extend from the haversian canals at right angles and connect one haversian canal to another Carry nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels Haversian system Haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, and Volkmann's canal Many are arranged side by side within the compact bone Periosteum Membrane that covers bone Made up of fibrous tissue and osteoblasts Enosteum Membrane that lines the inner surface of bone Contains osteoblasts Articular Surfaces Surface that forms a joint and contacts or articulates with another bone Condyle Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone Head Rounded articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone Facets Flat articular surfaces Causes a rocking-type motion on the bone when joined with another facet Occipital bone Forms the base of the skull Where the spinal cord exits the skull; skull bone that articulates (forms a joint) with the first cervical vertebra Parietal bones Form the dorsolateral walls of the cranium Temporal bones Form the lateral walls of the cranium; contain the middle and inner ear structures; form the temporomandibular joints with the mandible (lower jaw) Frontal bones Form the forehead region of the skull Sphenoid bone Forms the ventral part of the cranium and contains a depression that houses the pituitary gland Ethmoid bone Contains the sievelike cribriform plate, through which the many branches of the olfactory nerve pass from the upper portion of the nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain Ossicles Transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane across the middle ear cavity to the cochlea Incisive bones House the upper incisor teeth in most domestic animals Nasal bones Form the bridge of the nose Maxillary bones Make up most of the upper jaw; House the upper canine teeth, all of the upper cheek teeth (premolars and molars), and the maxillary sinuses; forms the cranial portion of the hard palate Lacrimal bones Form part of the medial portion of the orbit of the eye; a space within each lacrimal bone houses teh lacrimal sac, which is part of the tear drainage system of the eye Zygomatic bones Form a portion of the orbit of the eye; Join with a process from the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches on either side of the skull Mandible Lower jaw; Houses all the lower teeth; Is the only moveable skull bone Palatine bones Form the caudal portion of the hard palate, which separates the mouth from the nasal cavity Pterygoid bones Support part of the lateral walls of the pharynx Vomer bone Forms part of the nasal septum Turbinates Four thin, scroll-like bones that fill most of the space in the nasal cavity; Forces air inhaled through the nose around many twists and turns as it passes through the nasal cavity- this helps warm and humidify the air and helps trap any tiny particles of inhaled foreign material Atlas Cervical vertebrae 1 (C1) Holds up the head Axis Fits into the caudal end of the atlas to help form the atlantoaxial joint Scapula Forms the socket portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint Humerus Long bone of the upper arm Ulna Forms a major portion of the elbow joint with the distal end of the humerus Radius Main weight-bearing bone of the antebrachium Carpal bones Forms the wrist in humans, or knee in horses Metacarpal bones Bones of the hands (in humans) Phalanges Individual bones that make up the digits Pelvis Joins the axial skeleton dorsally at the left and right sacroiliac joints Illium Cranial-most bone of the pelvis; Bone that forms the sacroiliac joints with the sacrum Ischium Caudal most pelvic bone that you sit on Pubis Forms the cranial portion of the pelvic floor Femur Long bone of the thigh Patella Kneecap; Helps protect the tendon as it passes down over the trochlea of the femur to insert on the tibial crest Tibia Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg Fibula Thin bone in dogs and cats that parallels the tibia; serves as a muscle attachment site Tarsal bones Ankle/hock Articulates with the distal end of the tibia to form the most movable part of the hock joint Metatarsal Bones Make up the paw on each hind leg Os cordis Bone in the heart of cattle and sheep that helps support the valves of the heart Os penis Bone in the penis of dogs, beavers, raccoons, and walruses that partially surrounds the penile portion of the urethra Os rostri Bone in the nose of swine that strengthens the snout for the rooting behavior of pigs Components of the central nervous system 1. Cerebrum (Area of the brain responsible for functions associated with higher-order behaviors- learning, reasoning, and intelligence) 2. Cerebellum (Area of the brain that allows the body to have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes) 3. Diencephalon (Area of the brain that serves as a nervous system passageway between the primitive brainstem and the cerebrum) 4. Brainstem (Connection between the rest of the brain and the spinal cord) 5. Spinal Cord (Conducts sensory information and motor instructions between the brain and the periphery of the body) How the nervous system receives and interprets stimuli & controls body actions A nerve impulse is conducted along a nerve fiber by the "flipping" of the electric charges across the cell membrane (depolarization), followed quickly by the "unflipping" of the electric charges (repolarization). That process stimulates the adjacent area of the cell membrane in the direction of impulse conduction (dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body (afferent- toward the CNS), and axons conduct impulses away from the cell body (efferent- away from the CNS)) to flip and unflip, which stimulates the adjacent area, and so on. If the initial stimulus was sufficient to achieve the threshold for a neuron to fire (depolarize), the nerve impulse (action potential) would be generated and conducted along the entire neuron with uniform strength (all or nothing principle). Sensory (afferent) nerve impulses go to particular areas of the brain, where they are interpreted as the appropriate sensation. Motor (efferent nerve impulses go to effector organs, which are stimulated to perform particular actions. Summarize the functions of the peripheral nervous system Comprises the nerves traveling from the brain or spinal cord to the target organs and back -Acts as the messenger, carrying signals generated by the central nervous system to the target organs, or carrying signals from sensory nerves back to the central nervous system Summarize the functions of the autonomic nervous system Controls many functions of the body at a subconscious level -Performed by two divisions: sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight) and parasympathetic nervous system (rest and restore) -Sympathetic: Increases heart rate, force of heart contraction, and diameter of bronchioles, pupil, and muscle blood vessels; Decreases gastrointestinal motility, secretions, blood flow, and diameter of skin blood vessels and blood vessels to kidney -Parasympathetic: Decreases heart rate, diameter of bronchioles, pupil; Increases gastrointestinal motility, secretions, and blood flow Identify the four senses that provide animals with an awareness of their environment and assists them with survival 1. Mechanical (touch, hearing, balance) 2. Thermal (hot and cold) 3. Electromagnetic (vision) 4. Chemical (taste and smell) Function of gastrointestinal tract/urinary system sense organ Stretch receptors can cause pain or triggers reflex centers in the spinal cord that cause the smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder to contract Function of skin sensory organ -Provides the CNS with a picture of what, where, and to what extent objects from the outside environment are physically in contact with the surface of the body -Temperature receptors detect increases or decreases in body temperature and transmit the information to the CNS Function of tongue sense organ Detect chemical substances dissolved in the saliva; taste receptors generate nerve impulses that travel to the brain and are interpreted as taste Function of nose sense organ When odor molecules dissolve in the mucus and contact the sensory processes, nerve impulses are generated that travel to the brain and are interpreted as particular smells Function of ear sense organ Converts vibrations of air molecules into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain as sound Function of inner ear sense organ Helps maintain balance by keeping track of the position and movements of the head Function of the eye sense organ Form an accurate visual image (not detect one) Function of endocrine system With the nervous system, it helps regulate body functions to maintain homeostasis in the body -Uses chemicals (hormones) to transmit messages through the bloodstream to cells and tissues -Reacts slowly to changes but can sustain its responses for long periods List the major glands and hormones that maintain body homeostasis Anterior Pituitary -Growth hormone -Prolactin -Thyroid-stimulating hormone -Adrenocorticotropic hormone -Follicle-stimulating hormone -Luteinizing hormone -Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Posterior Pituitary -Antidiuretic hormone -Oxytocin Thyroid -Thyroid hormone -Calcitonin Parathyroid -Parathyroid hormone Adrenal cortex gland -Glucocorticoid hormones -Mineralocorticoid hormones -Sex hormones Adrenal medulla -Epinephrine & norepinephrin Pancreas -Insulin -Glucagon Testis -Androgens Ovary -Estrogens -Progestins List the three major classes of joints 1. Fibrous Joints 2. Cartilaginous Joints 3. Synovial Joints Growth Hormone Growth, metobolic regulation Prolactin Lactation Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid hormone production Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenocortical hormone production Follicle-stimulating hormone Oogenesis/ Spermatogenesis Luteinizing hormone Ovulation and corpus luteum production Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Unknown Antidiuretic hormone Water conservation Oxytocin Contraction at parturition, milk letdown Thyroid hormone Growth, metabolic regulation Calcitonin Prevents hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone Prevents hypocalcemia Glucocorticoid hormones Increases blood glucose, blood pressure maintenance Mineralcorticoid hormones Sodium and water retention, potassium elimination Sex hormones Minimal effects Epinephrine and norepinephrin Part of flight or fight response Insulin Movement of glucose into cells and its use for energy Glucagon Increases blood glucose Androgens Anabolic effect, development of male secondary sex characteristics Estrogens Preparation for breeding and pregnancy Progestins Preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy