PNB 2264 Final Cumulative Exam Updated 2024/2025
Actual Questions and Answers Verified by Experts
Choose the answer that best illustrates hierarchy of organization.
A. Blood levels of glucose are maintained within narrow limits
B. Organs are made up of molecules and tissues are made up of organ systems
C. Diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient
D. Tissues are made up of cells and organs are made up of tissues
E. All of the above
D. Tissues are made up of cells and organs are made up of tissues
The purpose of positive feedback mechanisms is to __________ .
A. Cause a rapid change in the body
B. Anticipate changes in the environment.
C. Return a variable toward the set point.
D. Maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
E. Detect changes in the external environment
A. Cause a rapid change in the body
Your body temperature rises, this _________ is sensed by _________and in
response information is carried by _________ to activate the secretion of sweat.
A. Set point; receptors; the efferent pathway
B. Stimulus; receptors; the efferent pathway
C. Stimulus; the brain; the afferent pathway
D. Set point; receptors; effectors
E. Feedback; the brain; receptors
B. Stimulus; receptors; the efferent pathway
If your body temperature decreases, ________ will bring it back up and if your
body temperature increases, ________ will bring it back down.
A. Negative feedback; negative feedback
B. Positive feedback; positive feedback
C. Negative feedback; positive feedback
D. Positive feedback; negative feedback
A. Negative feedback; negative feedback
Extracellular fluid consists of
A. Blood plasma
B. The fluid between cells
C. The fluid inside cells
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
The elbow is _______ to the wrist.
A. Lateral
B. Medial
C. Distal
D. Proximal
E. Dorsal
D. Proximal
,Phospholipids, a major component of the lipid bilayer, are classified as
amphipathic molecules because:
A. They contain hydrophilic fatty acid residues and hydrophobic phosphates
B. They contain polar heads and non-polar tails
C. They are able to interact with water
D. All of the above
B. They contain polar heads and non-polar tails
Which of the following is NOT an example of passive transport?
A. Transport of oxygen across the respiratory membrane
B. The antiport of sodium and potassium ions by the Na+/K+ pump
C. Movement of water molecules into a hypertonic solution
D. Calcium entering the cell through a ligand gated ion channel
B. The antiport of sodium and potassium ions by the Na+/K+ pump
A cell is taken out of the body and placed into a test solution. The concentration
of solute X in the test solution is 100mM, and the concentration of solute X inside
the cell is 200mM. The cell membrane is permeable to water but not solute X.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. There is a net flux of water out of the cell
B. The test solution is hypertonic
C. There is flux of water molecules into and out of the cell
D. All of the above are true
C. There is flux of water molecules into and out of the cell
The intervertebral disks are composed of _________ and connect ____________ .
A. Dense regular connective tissue; vertebral bodies
B. Fibrocartilage; spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
C. Fibrocartilage; vertebral bodies
D. Hyaline cartilage; vertebral bodies
C. Fibrocartilage; vertebral bodies
A key difference between carriers/transporters and ion channels is that:
A. Carriers are selective, whereas ions channels are usually non-specific
B. Carriers require a concentration gradient, whereas ion channels do not
C. Carriers always consume ATP, but ion channels may or may not consume ATP
D. Carriers are saturable, whereas channels are not
D. Carriers are saturable, whereas channels are not
Which is NOT a feature of cartilage?
A. Avascular
B. Cells
C. Glycosaminoglycan molecules
D. Hemidesmosomes
E. Protein fibers
D. Hemidesmosomes
Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism?
A. A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat.
B. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases.
C. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.
,D. As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease.
E. All of the above represent homeostatic mechanisms.
C. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.
The matrix of hyaline cartilage features __________ .
A. Chondroitin sulfate
B. Collagen fibers
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above
C. Both of the above
Which feature is found in growing long bones?
A. Hydroxyapatite
B. Osteoclasts
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following lists the events of endochondral bone formation in the
correct sequence? (Note: Some steps may be missing.)
A. Periosteal bud formation, epiphyseal line formed, marrow cavity forms,
primary center of ossification
B. Cartilage cells die, periosteal bud formation, osteoblasts secrete osteoid,
secondary center of ossification
C. Epiphyseal disk is formed, primary center of ossification, osteoblasts secrete
osteoid, secondary center of ossification.
D. Secondary center of ossification, osteoblasts secrete matrix of diaphysis,
periosteal bud formation
B. Cartilage cells die, periosteal bud formation, osteoblasts secrete osteoid, secondary
center of ossification
Which is NOT a connective tissue cell?
A. Bone cells
B. Skeletal muscle cells
C. Cartilage cells
D. Fat cells
E. Blood cells
B. Skeletal muscle cells
How are periosteum and endosteum similar?
A. Neither is found in healthy bone
B. Both surround membrane bones
C. Both are sources of osteoblasts
D. Both are found in cartilage
C. Both are sources of osteoblasts
LIKE hyaline cartilage structures, bone tissue has ___________ .
A. Lacunae
B. Collagen
C. A surrounding dense connective tissue membrane
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
, To reach osteocytes in Haversian systems (osteons), nutrients _________ travel
through _________ .
A. In blood vessels; lacunae
B. Carried by active transport proteins; central canals
C. In interstitial fluid; canaliculi
D. In blood vessels; canaliculi
C. In interstitial fluid; canaliculi
What reduces friction and heat build-up in the hip joint?
A. The fibrocartilage that makes up the articular cartilage
B. Synovial fluid
C. The acetabular labrum
D. All of the above
B. Synovial fluid
In a suture, which is _______ movable; bones are connected by ___________ .
A. slightly; fibrocartilage
B. not; bone tissue
C. not; hyaline cartilage
D. not; short connective tissue fibers
D. not; short connective tissue fibers
As you ABDUCT your shoulder to full range of motion, ___________ .
A. The trapezius acts to flex the shoulder
B. The scapula ABDUCTS
C. The scapula is retracted to stabilize the shoulder
D. The range is limited because the shoulder has two degrees of freedom
E. All of the above
B. The scapula ABDUCTS
The articulation between _________________ includes a ________________ joint.
A. C-1 and C-2; pivot
B. Atlas (C-1) and occipital bone; pivot
C. Atlas and axis; double condyloid
D. C-7 and T-1; combined symphysis and synchondrosis
A. C-1 and C-2; pivot
Which of the following is the CORRECT pairing of joint with its classification?
A. Elbow - biaxial
B. Hip - triaxial
C. Costovertebral - synchondrosis
D. Distal radioulnar - condyloid
B. Hip - triaxial
The jaw is a ______________ joint, and the Masseter muscles act upon it to cause
it to ____________ .
A. Combined hinge and gliding; close the mouth
B. Condyloid; open the mouth
C. Combined hinge and gliding; move laterally for chewing
D. Hinge; close the mouth
A. Combined hinge and gliding; close the mouth
Actual Questions and Answers Verified by Experts
Choose the answer that best illustrates hierarchy of organization.
A. Blood levels of glucose are maintained within narrow limits
B. Organs are made up of molecules and tissues are made up of organ systems
C. Diffusion occurs down a concentration gradient
D. Tissues are made up of cells and organs are made up of tissues
E. All of the above
D. Tissues are made up of cells and organs are made up of tissues
The purpose of positive feedback mechanisms is to __________ .
A. Cause a rapid change in the body
B. Anticipate changes in the environment.
C. Return a variable toward the set point.
D. Maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
E. Detect changes in the external environment
A. Cause a rapid change in the body
Your body temperature rises, this _________ is sensed by _________and in
response information is carried by _________ to activate the secretion of sweat.
A. Set point; receptors; the efferent pathway
B. Stimulus; receptors; the efferent pathway
C. Stimulus; the brain; the afferent pathway
D. Set point; receptors; effectors
E. Feedback; the brain; receptors
B. Stimulus; receptors; the efferent pathway
If your body temperature decreases, ________ will bring it back up and if your
body temperature increases, ________ will bring it back down.
A. Negative feedback; negative feedback
B. Positive feedback; positive feedback
C. Negative feedback; positive feedback
D. Positive feedback; negative feedback
A. Negative feedback; negative feedback
Extracellular fluid consists of
A. Blood plasma
B. The fluid between cells
C. The fluid inside cells
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
The elbow is _______ to the wrist.
A. Lateral
B. Medial
C. Distal
D. Proximal
E. Dorsal
D. Proximal
,Phospholipids, a major component of the lipid bilayer, are classified as
amphipathic molecules because:
A. They contain hydrophilic fatty acid residues and hydrophobic phosphates
B. They contain polar heads and non-polar tails
C. They are able to interact with water
D. All of the above
B. They contain polar heads and non-polar tails
Which of the following is NOT an example of passive transport?
A. Transport of oxygen across the respiratory membrane
B. The antiport of sodium and potassium ions by the Na+/K+ pump
C. Movement of water molecules into a hypertonic solution
D. Calcium entering the cell through a ligand gated ion channel
B. The antiport of sodium and potassium ions by the Na+/K+ pump
A cell is taken out of the body and placed into a test solution. The concentration
of solute X in the test solution is 100mM, and the concentration of solute X inside
the cell is 200mM. The cell membrane is permeable to water but not solute X.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
A. There is a net flux of water out of the cell
B. The test solution is hypertonic
C. There is flux of water molecules into and out of the cell
D. All of the above are true
C. There is flux of water molecules into and out of the cell
The intervertebral disks are composed of _________ and connect ____________ .
A. Dense regular connective tissue; vertebral bodies
B. Fibrocartilage; spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
C. Fibrocartilage; vertebral bodies
D. Hyaline cartilage; vertebral bodies
C. Fibrocartilage; vertebral bodies
A key difference between carriers/transporters and ion channels is that:
A. Carriers are selective, whereas ions channels are usually non-specific
B. Carriers require a concentration gradient, whereas ion channels do not
C. Carriers always consume ATP, but ion channels may or may not consume ATP
D. Carriers are saturable, whereas channels are not
D. Carriers are saturable, whereas channels are not
Which is NOT a feature of cartilage?
A. Avascular
B. Cells
C. Glycosaminoglycan molecules
D. Hemidesmosomes
E. Protein fibers
D. Hemidesmosomes
Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism?
A. A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat.
B. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases.
C. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.
,D. As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease.
E. All of the above represent homeostatic mechanisms.
C. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.
The matrix of hyaline cartilage features __________ .
A. Chondroitin sulfate
B. Collagen fibers
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above
C. Both of the above
Which feature is found in growing long bones?
A. Hydroxyapatite
B. Osteoclasts
C. Hyaline cartilage
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
Which of the following lists the events of endochondral bone formation in the
correct sequence? (Note: Some steps may be missing.)
A. Periosteal bud formation, epiphyseal line formed, marrow cavity forms,
primary center of ossification
B. Cartilage cells die, periosteal bud formation, osteoblasts secrete osteoid,
secondary center of ossification
C. Epiphyseal disk is formed, primary center of ossification, osteoblasts secrete
osteoid, secondary center of ossification.
D. Secondary center of ossification, osteoblasts secrete matrix of diaphysis,
periosteal bud formation
B. Cartilage cells die, periosteal bud formation, osteoblasts secrete osteoid, secondary
center of ossification
Which is NOT a connective tissue cell?
A. Bone cells
B. Skeletal muscle cells
C. Cartilage cells
D. Fat cells
E. Blood cells
B. Skeletal muscle cells
How are periosteum and endosteum similar?
A. Neither is found in healthy bone
B. Both surround membrane bones
C. Both are sources of osteoblasts
D. Both are found in cartilage
C. Both are sources of osteoblasts
LIKE hyaline cartilage structures, bone tissue has ___________ .
A. Lacunae
B. Collagen
C. A surrounding dense connective tissue membrane
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
, To reach osteocytes in Haversian systems (osteons), nutrients _________ travel
through _________ .
A. In blood vessels; lacunae
B. Carried by active transport proteins; central canals
C. In interstitial fluid; canaliculi
D. In blood vessels; canaliculi
C. In interstitial fluid; canaliculi
What reduces friction and heat build-up in the hip joint?
A. The fibrocartilage that makes up the articular cartilage
B. Synovial fluid
C. The acetabular labrum
D. All of the above
B. Synovial fluid
In a suture, which is _______ movable; bones are connected by ___________ .
A. slightly; fibrocartilage
B. not; bone tissue
C. not; hyaline cartilage
D. not; short connective tissue fibers
D. not; short connective tissue fibers
As you ABDUCT your shoulder to full range of motion, ___________ .
A. The trapezius acts to flex the shoulder
B. The scapula ABDUCTS
C. The scapula is retracted to stabilize the shoulder
D. The range is limited because the shoulder has two degrees of freedom
E. All of the above
B. The scapula ABDUCTS
The articulation between _________________ includes a ________________ joint.
A. C-1 and C-2; pivot
B. Atlas (C-1) and occipital bone; pivot
C. Atlas and axis; double condyloid
D. C-7 and T-1; combined symphysis and synchondrosis
A. C-1 and C-2; pivot
Which of the following is the CORRECT pairing of joint with its classification?
A. Elbow - biaxial
B. Hip - triaxial
C. Costovertebral - synchondrosis
D. Distal radioulnar - condyloid
B. Hip - triaxial
The jaw is a ______________ joint, and the Masseter muscles act upon it to cause
it to ____________ .
A. Combined hinge and gliding; close the mouth
B. Condyloid; open the mouth
C. Combined hinge and gliding; move laterally for chewing
D. Hinge; close the mouth
A. Combined hinge and gliding; close the mouth
