NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34,
36, 37, 38, 40, 41
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
• Inflammation of the stomach lining.
• Gastritis is caused by ingestion of irritating substances such as
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, consequence of viral, bacterial, or
autoimmune diseases.
•
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications
of GERD if left untreated?
• Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (contents of the stomach coming up)
• Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through the lower
esophageal sphincter, which causes inflammation of stomach and small
intestine.
• Causes: any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or
increases abdominal pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of
alcohol, cigarette smoke, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex. hiatal hernia)
• Symptoms: Heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia
• Complications: Barret Esophagus (columnar tissue replaces normal
squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus), progression can lead to
ulceration or fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures,
ppapillo
• pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages)
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic use. What is the role of H. pylori in
this condition?
• It’s disorders of the upper GI tract caused by action of acid and pepsin.
• H. Pylori which is a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer
formation. It thrives in
acidic conditions, slows rate of ulcer healing, high rate of reoccurrence,
clearance of H. Pylori promotes ulcer healing.
• Signs and symptoms: epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake
of food, especially
dairy or antacids, pain of ulcers usually occurs on an empty stomach. Life
threatening complications can also include GI bleeding.
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition?
What are ways that it can be treated?
• It is acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine that causes
diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
• Caused by Clostridium difficile and mediated by bacterial toxins.
• Treatment: stop current antibiotic if possible, treat ischemia, treat
contributing conditions, oral antibiotics such as metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant, but reoccurrence is common.
, 5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their
causes such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
• Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa of the rectum
and colon which causes large ulcers. Begins as inflammation at base of
crypts of Lieberkühn and damage results, then abscess formation in crypts
and abscesses begin to develop in epithelium.
• Crohn disease: AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis. Cause is
unknown.
Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34,
36, 37, 38, 40, 41
1. What is gastritis? What are causes?
• Inflammation of the stomach lining.
• Gastritis is caused by ingestion of irritating substances such as
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, consequence of viral, bacterial, or
autoimmune diseases.
•
2. What is GERD? What are causes to this condition? What are complications
of GERD if left untreated?
• Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease (contents of the stomach coming up)
• Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through the lower
esophageal sphincter, which causes inflammation of stomach and small
intestine.
• Causes: any condition or agent that alters closure strength of LES or
increases abdominal pressure, fatty foods, caffeine, large amounts of
alcohol, cigarette smoke, pregnancy, anatomic features (ex. hiatal hernia)
• Symptoms: Heart burn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia
• Complications: Barret Esophagus (columnar tissue replaces normal
squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus), progression can lead to
ulceration or fibrotic scarring, esophageal strictures,
ppapillo
• pulmonary symptoms (cough, asthma, laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages)
3. Review signs and symptoms of peptic use. What is the role of H. pylori in
this condition?
• It’s disorders of the upper GI tract caused by action of acid and pepsin.
• H. Pylori which is a key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer
formation. It thrives in
acidic conditions, slows rate of ulcer healing, high rate of reoccurrence,
clearance of H. Pylori promotes ulcer healing.
• Signs and symptoms: epigastric burning that is usually relieved by the intake
of food, especially
dairy or antacids, pain of ulcers usually occurs on an empty stomach. Life
threatening complications can also include GI bleeding.
4. What is pseudomembranous colitis? What contributes to this condition?
What are ways that it can be treated?
• It is acute inflammation and necrosis of the large intestine that causes
diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
• Caused by Clostridium difficile and mediated by bacterial toxins.
• Treatment: stop current antibiotic if possible, treat ischemia, treat
contributing conditions, oral antibiotics such as metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant, but reoccurrence is common.
, 5. Review examples of inflammatory bowel conditions and their
causes such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease
• Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammatory disease of mucosa of the rectum
and colon which causes large ulcers. Begins as inflammation at base of
crypts of Lieberkühn and damage results, then abscess formation in crypts
and abscesses begin to develop in epithelium.
• Crohn disease: AKA regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis. Cause is
unknown.
