NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM MODULE 04-06 COMPLETE 313
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|AGRADE
Gastrointestinal system is responsible for -ANSWER- ▪intake, digestion, and
elimination of foods and fluids
▪Proper functioning is key to adequate nutrition
Gastrointestinal system includes -ANSWER- Upper division, lower division,
Hepatobiliary
Upper division -ANSWER- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
lower division -ANSWER- small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Hepatobiliary -ANSWER- liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Dysphasia -ANSWER- difficulty swallowing
◦Weight loss is an expected finding with progressive dysphasia
Example of Dyshphasia -ANSWER- An infant presenting with congenital birth
defects, cleft lift and cleft palate, results in difficulties with feedings
Hiatal hernia -ANSWER- ▪a stomach section protrudes upward through an
opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through
▪weakening of the diaphragm muscle most likely caused from increased intra-
abdominal pressure
Gastritis -ANSWER- ▪inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining
▪Acute gastritis - can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
with hemorrhage
Gastritis usually develops -ANSWER- suddenly and is likely to be accompanied
by nausea and epigastric pain
,What is associated with acute gastritis -ANSWER- Epigastric pain
Chronic gastritis -ANSWER- ▪develops gradually
▪May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a
sensation of fullness after minimal intake
Complications of chronic gastritis -ANSWER- peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and
hemorrhage
Gastroenteritis -ANSWER- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually
because of an infection or allergic reaction
If is left Gastroenteritis untreated -ANSWER- electrolyte imbalances and
dehydration may occur
Gastroesophageal reflux disease -ANSWER- chyme or bile periodically backs up
from the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
Manifestations gastroesophageal reflux disease -ANSWER- heartburn, epigastric
pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis,
pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is often confused -ANSWER- with angina and
may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease complications -ANSWER- esophagitis,
strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
*Esophageal cancer -ANSWER- is a serious potential complication of
gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)
◦usually, a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus
◦E.g., patient with a history of GERD and presents to the ED with dysphagia, chest
pain, weight loss, and hematemesis
*Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) -ANSWER- lesions affecting stomach lining or
duodenum (small intestine)
, *Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is caused by -ANSWER- Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori) infections
Clinical manifestation of Peptic ulcer disease -ANSWER- Heartburn
peptic ulcer in the stomach is called -ANSWER- gastric ulcer
peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is
called a -ANSWER- duodenal ulcer
Duodenal ulcers are mostly associated with -ANSWER- excessive acid or
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections
Duodenal ulcers are typically present with epigastric pain -ANSWER- that is
relieved in the presence of food
Epigastric pain -ANSWER- may begin in the middle of the night or 30 minutes to
2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty
Gastric ulcers are -ANSWER- less frequent but more deadly
Gastric ulcers -ANSWER- Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Gastric ulcers pain are -ANSWER- typically worsens with eating
*gastric ulcer can cause -ANSWER- Occult blood in stool with chronic bleeding.
◦Black and tarry stools are expected findings with a bleeding gastric ulcer
Stress ulcers -ANSWER- Develop because of a major physiological stressor on
the body
Stress ulcer clinical manifestation -ANSWER- Hematemesis is a clinical
manifestation that should be immediately reported to the provider
Cholelithiasis -ANSWER- gallstones
Cholelithiasis may obstruct -ANSWER- bile flow and cause gallbladder rupture,
fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma
FINAL EXAM MODULE 04-06 COMPLETE 313
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS|AGRADE
Gastrointestinal system is responsible for -ANSWER- ▪intake, digestion, and
elimination of foods and fluids
▪Proper functioning is key to adequate nutrition
Gastrointestinal system includes -ANSWER- Upper division, lower division,
Hepatobiliary
Upper division -ANSWER- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
lower division -ANSWER- small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Hepatobiliary -ANSWER- liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Dysphasia -ANSWER- difficulty swallowing
◦Weight loss is an expected finding with progressive dysphasia
Example of Dyshphasia -ANSWER- An infant presenting with congenital birth
defects, cleft lift and cleft palate, results in difficulties with feedings
Hiatal hernia -ANSWER- ▪a stomach section protrudes upward through an
opening in the diaphragm that the esophagus passes through
▪weakening of the diaphragm muscle most likely caused from increased intra-
abdominal pressure
Gastritis -ANSWER- ▪inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining
▪Acute gastritis - can be a mild, transient irritation, or it can be a severe ulceration
with hemorrhage
Gastritis usually develops -ANSWER- suddenly and is likely to be accompanied
by nausea and epigastric pain
,What is associated with acute gastritis -ANSWER- Epigastric pain
Chronic gastritis -ANSWER- ▪develops gradually
▪May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a
sensation of fullness after minimal intake
Complications of chronic gastritis -ANSWER- peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and
hemorrhage
Gastroenteritis -ANSWER- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually
because of an infection or allergic reaction
If is left Gastroenteritis untreated -ANSWER- electrolyte imbalances and
dehydration may occur
Gastroesophageal reflux disease -ANSWER- chyme or bile periodically backs up
from the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
Manifestations gastroesophageal reflux disease -ANSWER- heartburn, epigastric
pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis,
pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is often confused -ANSWER- with angina and
may warrant ruling out cardiac disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease complications -ANSWER- esophagitis,
strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease
*Esophageal cancer -ANSWER- is a serious potential complication of
gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)
◦usually, a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus
◦E.g., patient with a history of GERD and presents to the ED with dysphagia, chest
pain, weight loss, and hematemesis
*Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) -ANSWER- lesions affecting stomach lining or
duodenum (small intestine)
, *Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is caused by -ANSWER- Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori) infections
Clinical manifestation of Peptic ulcer disease -ANSWER- Heartburn
peptic ulcer in the stomach is called -ANSWER- gastric ulcer
peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) is
called a -ANSWER- duodenal ulcer
Duodenal ulcers are mostly associated with -ANSWER- excessive acid or
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections
Duodenal ulcers are typically present with epigastric pain -ANSWER- that is
relieved in the presence of food
Epigastric pain -ANSWER- may begin in the middle of the night or 30 minutes to
2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty
Gastric ulcers are -ANSWER- less frequent but more deadly
Gastric ulcers -ANSWER- Typically associated with malignancy and
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Gastric ulcers pain are -ANSWER- typically worsens with eating
*gastric ulcer can cause -ANSWER- Occult blood in stool with chronic bleeding.
◦Black and tarry stools are expected findings with a bleeding gastric ulcer
Stress ulcers -ANSWER- Develop because of a major physiological stressor on
the body
Stress ulcer clinical manifestation -ANSWER- Hematemesis is a clinical
manifestation that should be immediately reported to the provider
Cholelithiasis -ANSWER- gallstones
Cholelithiasis may obstruct -ANSWER- bile flow and cause gallbladder rupture,
fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and carcinoma
