NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Review Study Guide
1. What are the three stages of AKI presentation?: - Prodromal
- Oliguric
- post-oliguric
2. Causes of chronic kidney disease: - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable
loss of functional nephrons.
- Due to kidney not recovering
• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis
3. Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease: - Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Recurrent pyelonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- History of exposure to toxins
- Age over 65
- Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)
4. complications of chronic kidney disease: - hypertension and cardiovascular
disease
- uremic syndrome
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte imbalances
- bone and mineral disorders
- malnutrition
- anemia
- pain
- depression
5. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: - (increased blood volume) Hyper-
volemia, escalated atherosclerotic process
6. Uremic Syndrome: - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste
Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic
frost (itching & discomfort)
7. . Metabolic acidosis: - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia
8. Electrolyte Imbalances: - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus,
and magnesium
9. Bone and mineral disorders: Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered
bone/mineral metabolism.
Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the
body)
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Review Study Guide
10. Malnutrition: - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (De-
creased salt, protein and potassium)
11. Anemia: - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs
life
12. Pain: - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities
13. Depression: - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interac-
tions and relationships
14. Urge Incontinence: - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine
If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder
15. Stress Incontinence: - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when
there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following
childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects)
16. Neurogenic bladder: From a disruption of nervous communication that con-
trols micturition.
Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.
17. Functional Incontinence: - Secondary to physical or environmental limita-
tions such as not getting to the toilet in time.
18. Mixed Incontinence: - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
More common in elderly women
19. Overflow Incontinence: - When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due
to something physically blocking; NOT from holding urine)
20. Cystitis (UTI): - Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli from infections,
chemical irritants or stones.
21. General S/S of Cystitis (UTI): - frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain,
and cloudy urine
22. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children: - fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
23. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults: - delirium and new onset incontince.
24. . Patient teachings to prevent cystitis: - Urinate before and after sexual
intercourse
- Wipe front to back
- Take antibiotics as prescribed
Review Study Guide
1. What are the three stages of AKI presentation?: - Prodromal
- Oliguric
- post-oliguric
2. Causes of chronic kidney disease: - Outcome of progressive and irrevocable
loss of functional nephrons.
- Due to kidney not recovering
• Can lead up to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) which requires dialysis
3. Risk Factors of chronic kidney disease: - Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Recurrent pyelonephritis
- Polycystic kidney disease
- History of exposure to toxins
- Age over 65
- Ethnicity (African American male higher risk)
4. complications of chronic kidney disease: - hypertension and cardiovascular
disease
- uremic syndrome
- metabolic acidosis
- electrolyte imbalances
- bone and mineral disorders
- malnutrition
- anemia
- pain
- depression
5. Hypertension and cardiovascular disease: - (increased blood volume) Hyper-
volemia, escalated atherosclerotic process
6. Uremic Syndrome: - Can't get rid of normal metabolic waste
Retention of metabolic wastes, impaired healing, pruritusm dermatitis, and uremic
frost (itching & discomfort)
7. . Metabolic acidosis: - Retention of acidic waste products, hyperkalemia
8. Electrolyte Imbalances: - Retained potassium (hyperkalemia), phosphorus,
and magnesium
9. Bone and mineral disorders: Elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered
bone/mineral metabolism.
Kidneys are unable to reabsorb calcium (body steals calcium from parts of the
body)
, NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
Review Study Guide
10. Malnutrition: - Decreased intake, depression, and dietary limitations (De-
creased salt, protein and potassium)
11. Anemia: - Lack of erythropoietin (produces new RBC), uremia shortens RBCs
life
12. Pain: - Many reasons; disease itself, treatment, comorbidities
13. Depression: - Comorbid conditions; disease itself; disruption of social interac-
tions and relationships
14. Urge Incontinence: - Sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine
If it happens at night (nocturia) it is called overactive bladder
15. Stress Incontinence: - Small amounts of urine are voided involuntarily when
there is an increase in intraabdominal pressure. (More common in women following
childbirth; Can occur with coughing, sneezing and lifting heavy objects)
16. Neurogenic bladder: From a disruption of nervous communication that con-
trols micturition.
Seen in individuals with stroke, Parkinson's, MS, and spinal cord injuries.
17. Functional Incontinence: - Secondary to physical or environmental limita-
tions such as not getting to the toilet in time.
18. Mixed Incontinence: - A combination of both stress and urge incontinence
More common in elderly women
19. Overflow Incontinence: - When the bladder becomes full and overflows (Due
to something physically blocking; NOT from holding urine)
20. Cystitis (UTI): - Inflammation of the bladder lining due to E. coli from infections,
chemical irritants or stones.
21. General S/S of Cystitis (UTI): - frequency, urgency, dysuria, suprapubic pain,
and cloudy urine
22. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in Children: - fever, irritability, poor feeding, vomiting, and
diarrhea.
23. S/S of Cystitis (UTI) in older adults: - delirium and new onset incontince.
24. . Patient teachings to prevent cystitis: - Urinate before and after sexual
intercourse
- Wipe front to back
- Take antibiotics as prescribed
