Bachelor Of Technology
Civil Engineering
UNIT - 1
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
Building materials :-
Any substance or material used in the construction of buildings or structures. These
materials can include concrete, steel, brick, wood, and various composites, each
chosen for its specific properties such as strength, durability, insulation, and
aesthetics.
They play a crucial role in shaping the design, performance, and longevity of buildings
and civil engineering projects
Constructions :-
The process of assembling, erecting, or building structures, infrastructure, or facilities
using various materials, techniques, and equipment. Construction activities such as
excavation, foundation laying, structural assembly, and finishing work, resulting in the
creation of buildings, roads, bridges, and other civil engineering projects.
Avni Maheshwari
1
,Stones:-
Types:
Igneous (e.g., granite, basalt)
Sedimentary (e.g., sandstone, limestone)
Metamorphic (e.g., marble, slate)
Properties:
● Natural durability and strength vary based on type.
● Generally, good compressive strength but low tensile strength.
● Varied colors, textures, and densities.
● High resistance to weathering and abrasion in most cases.
Tests:
Compression test: Measures the compressive strength.
Water absorption test: Determines porosity and durability.
Abrasion test: Evaluates resistance to wear and tear.
Uses:
● Used for foundations, walls, pavements, and decorative purposes.
● Granite and basalt for heavy construction.
● Limestone and sandstone for cladding and decorative works.
Bricks:-
Types:
Burnt Clay Bricks:
● Traditional bricks are made by molding clay and then baking them in kilns.
● Classified into various categories based on their manufacturing process, such as:
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2
, ● First Class Bricks: Uniform in shape and size, have sharp edges and
smooth surfaces, and emit a metallic sound when struck.
● Second Class Bricks: Less uniform in shape and size compared to
first-class bricks.
● Third Class Bricks: Irregular in shape and size, with non-uniform surfaces.
● Widely used in various construction applications due to their availability,
affordability, and ease of use
Burnt clay bricks
Fly ash bricks
Concrete bricks
Engineering bricks
Properties:
● High compressive strength.
● Uniform shape and size.
● Good thermal insulation.
● Porosity influences water absorption.
Tests:
Compressive strength test: Measures load-bearing capacity.
Water absorption test: Indicates porosity and weather resistance.
Efflorescence test: Determines salt content on the surface.
Uses:
● Mainly used for wall construction.
● Fly ash bricks for environmental sustainability.
● Concrete bricks for load-bearing walls.
Avni Maheshwari
3
Civil Engineering
UNIT - 1
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTIONS
Building materials :-
Any substance or material used in the construction of buildings or structures. These
materials can include concrete, steel, brick, wood, and various composites, each
chosen for its specific properties such as strength, durability, insulation, and
aesthetics.
They play a crucial role in shaping the design, performance, and longevity of buildings
and civil engineering projects
Constructions :-
The process of assembling, erecting, or building structures, infrastructure, or facilities
using various materials, techniques, and equipment. Construction activities such as
excavation, foundation laying, structural assembly, and finishing work, resulting in the
creation of buildings, roads, bridges, and other civil engineering projects.
Avni Maheshwari
1
,Stones:-
Types:
Igneous (e.g., granite, basalt)
Sedimentary (e.g., sandstone, limestone)
Metamorphic (e.g., marble, slate)
Properties:
● Natural durability and strength vary based on type.
● Generally, good compressive strength but low tensile strength.
● Varied colors, textures, and densities.
● High resistance to weathering and abrasion in most cases.
Tests:
Compression test: Measures the compressive strength.
Water absorption test: Determines porosity and durability.
Abrasion test: Evaluates resistance to wear and tear.
Uses:
● Used for foundations, walls, pavements, and decorative purposes.
● Granite and basalt for heavy construction.
● Limestone and sandstone for cladding and decorative works.
Bricks:-
Types:
Burnt Clay Bricks:
● Traditional bricks are made by molding clay and then baking them in kilns.
● Classified into various categories based on their manufacturing process, such as:
Avni Maheshwari
2
, ● First Class Bricks: Uniform in shape and size, have sharp edges and
smooth surfaces, and emit a metallic sound when struck.
● Second Class Bricks: Less uniform in shape and size compared to
first-class bricks.
● Third Class Bricks: Irregular in shape and size, with non-uniform surfaces.
● Widely used in various construction applications due to their availability,
affordability, and ease of use
Burnt clay bricks
Fly ash bricks
Concrete bricks
Engineering bricks
Properties:
● High compressive strength.
● Uniform shape and size.
● Good thermal insulation.
● Porosity influences water absorption.
Tests:
Compressive strength test: Measures load-bearing capacity.
Water absorption test: Indicates porosity and weather resistance.
Efflorescence test: Determines salt content on the surface.
Uses:
● Mainly used for wall construction.
● Fly ash bricks for environmental sustainability.
● Concrete bricks for load-bearing walls.
Avni Maheshwari
3
