(Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Computer Fundamental
Introduction of Computer
Computer is an electronic machine that is accepts the instruction or data as input stores them briefly or
permanently and gives the result or information as output via processing.
The word computer has come from the Computer word of Latin Language that means calculate. First of all
computer is used for only calculation.
tands For Computer
S
C– Common
O – Operating
M – Machine
P – Particular
U – User
T – Trade
E – Education R –
Research
According to Stand for Computer, a computer is a Common operating machine which is particularly
user by a different field of a user, such as trade, education and research.
Parts of Computer ________
1) Keyboard
2) Monitor
3) Mouse
4) UPS (Uninterrupted/Unit Power Supply)
5) CPU(Central Processing Unit)
History of Computer
Date Scientist Invention
450 BC Abacus Chinese
1614 AD John Napier Napier`s Bones
1642 AD Blaise pascal Arithmetic Machine
1673 AD Gottfried Heibnitz Labnity Calculator
1804 AD Joseph Jacquard Joseph Jacquard
1822 AD Charles Babbage Analytical Engine
1833 AD Charles Babbage Analytical Engine
1890 AD Herman Hollerith Tabulator
1944 AD Howard Aiken Mark -1
1946 AD Muchly & Eckert Enact
1951 AD Muchly & Eckert Univac
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Generation of Computer
The generation of computer period (1951– Till Today). Generation period is 5 step .
1) First generation – the computer period (1951- 1958) are called first generation. They used vacuum
tubes in electronic circuits. The vacuum tubes were very large in size. These were very expensive.
Their speed was very slow. Their speed was in million second %.
2) Second Generation – The computer period (1958 – 1964) are called second generation. They used
Vacuum tube replaced by transistors, which same function in first generation, but consumed less
power, were more compact in size.
3) Third Generation – The computer period (1964 – 1972) are called third generation. They used in
integrated circuits (I.C.). they were smellers in size, faster cheaper and more reliable than second
generation computer.
4) Fourth Generation – The computer period (1972 – 1980) are called fourth generation. They used in
Very large scale integrated circuits, which led to the development of micro processer. First of all
C.P.U. circuit was placed on a single chip. Computer widely used in different fields with increased
storage capacity and modular design. Sophisticated programmed for special applications, greater
versatility of input output device, audio response terminals graphics terminals etc.
5) Fifth Generation – The computer period (1980 – Till Today) are called fifth generation. They used
in smaller chips and smaller or more complex design. The speed is very faster Their speed is half
naino second.
Types of Computer
1) Digital Computer – A digital computer is one that directly count to the numbers (for digit) that
represent numerical letters or other special symbol. 0 represent “OFF” position and 1 represent “ON”
position.
2) Analog Computer – An Analog computer is one that measures physical values such as Temperature,
Air pressure. Analog computer are used for scientific engineering and process control purpose.
3) Hybrid Computer – It combines the measuring capabilities of Analog computers and logical or
controls capabilities of Digital computers. Hybrid computer used for Heart patients function.
Digital Computers have been classified into two parts.
1) Special Purpose Computer – A special purpose computers is one that designed to perform only some
specific task. This programmed, as instruction is user into or permanently stored in such as machine.
Eg.- Calculator bill system.
2) General Purpose Computer – A general purpose computer is one that can store different programs
and can thus be used in countless application. Eg. P.C.
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Types of General purpose computer
1) Micro Computer – Micro computer are generally small enough to fit on a desktop, micro computer
are typically single user system, which means that only one user can use it at a time. It has small to
medium data storage capacity (500MB – 2GB). Eg. – IBM Pc.
2) Mini Computer – Micro computer perform better are larger in size, and cost more than micro, but
mini Computer designed to support more than one user at a time. They support faster peripheral
device like high speed printer.
3) Main Frame Computer – Main frame computer is more powerful.
They operate at very high speeds, have very large storage capacities and can support hundred of
users. They used for data processing in large organization where the record of Thousand of
employees has to be processed. Ex: - IBM 300 series borough B 7900 and Univac 1180.
4) Super Computer – super computer is at the apex of the computer range. They are fastest and the most
expensive machines and are considered a national resources. There are less that 500 conventional
super computer in the world.
Computer components _________ There are two types of computer components:-
1) Hardware– All the types of physical components of computer system that can be seen and touched are
called hardware. Without hardware, the software can’t be installed.
Two groups of Hardware.
a) CPU b) Peripheral device
2) Software – The set of various programs that is installed and stored on the storage device that can be seen
and not be touched are called software. Without software, hardware is no used.
EX.– MS – Office, Paint, Game, etc.
*****CPU(Central Processing Unit)*****
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – It is stands for Central Processing
Unit, that is known as the heart of computer Because it, supplies the electricity current to each physical
component. CPU is also used to store the data program and different types of software so it is called the
Brain of computer. CPU is the processing device that is used to accept the input and gives the output via
processing.
There are Three Component of CPU _____________
a) ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit) – It is used to perform the mathematical operation, such as
Addition, Subtraction, division and multiplication and also used to perform the logical operation
such as less than, greater than and equal to.
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
b) CU (Control Unit)-The processer contains the input and output device and also control between ALU
& MU. This electronic circuit is called CU. That is known as the central Nervous system of CPU.
c) MU (Memory unit) – It is an essential components of computer system that is required by the
computer system to store the instruction, data, file, program, etc.
There are mainly two types.
a) Primary memory/Internal memory.
b) Secondary memory/External memory.
1) Internal Memory/Primary Memory – The memory which is attached directly to motherboard is
called internal memory. Eg. – Ram, Rom, etc.
2) External Memory/Secondary Memory – The memory which is attached by a wire (bus) to the
motherboard is called external memory. Eg. – Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive, etc.
xample of primary memory _______________
E
1) Ram (Random Access memory) – It is volatile memory. Its data are lost when the power is
switched off.
2) Rom (Read only memory) – It is Non- volatile memory. Its data are stored during
manufacture. Its data can’t be erased and changed. It starts the routine of booting process
(Starting of computer).
xample of secondary memory ____________
E
1) Hard disk – It is external and secondary memory. It is used to store the information, file, folder,
program, wallpaper, audio file and video file, etc and also store. Its size is incisures in MB, GB, TB,
etc.
2) Floppy Disk – It is an external memory that is used to store any kind of file, folder and programs to
transfer from one computer to another.
There are three types in size_________
a) 8 inch – 1 MB
b) 5.25 inch – 1.22 MB
c) 3.25 inch – 1.44 MB
3) CD (Compact Disc) – It is also an external memory. That is used to store any kind of file, folder and
programs to transfer from one computer to another. Its diameter 1.2cm, thick is 1.2 mm, weight is 16
gm and storage capacity is 700 MB.
4) DVD(Digital Video Disc/ Digital Versatile Disc) – It is an secondary memory, that is used to store
any kind of file, folder and programs to transfer from one computer to other as well as to create a
backup files. Its storage capacity is 4.7. GB.
5) Pen Drive – It is a small external memory that is used to store any kind of file, folder and programs
to transfer from one computer to other. Its storage capacity 128 GB.
Measurement Unit of memory ____________
+91– 9798589612 1
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Computer Fundamental
Introduction of Computer
Computer is an electronic machine that is accepts the instruction or data as input stores them briefly or
permanently and gives the result or information as output via processing.
The word computer has come from the Computer word of Latin Language that means calculate. First of all
computer is used for only calculation.
tands For Computer
S
C– Common
O – Operating
M – Machine
P – Particular
U – User
T – Trade
E – Education R –
Research
According to Stand for Computer, a computer is a Common operating machine which is particularly
user by a different field of a user, such as trade, education and research.
Parts of Computer ________
1) Keyboard
2) Monitor
3) Mouse
4) UPS (Uninterrupted/Unit Power Supply)
5) CPU(Central Processing Unit)
History of Computer
Date Scientist Invention
450 BC Abacus Chinese
1614 AD John Napier Napier`s Bones
1642 AD Blaise pascal Arithmetic Machine
1673 AD Gottfried Heibnitz Labnity Calculator
1804 AD Joseph Jacquard Joseph Jacquard
1822 AD Charles Babbage Analytical Engine
1833 AD Charles Babbage Analytical Engine
1890 AD Herman Hollerith Tabulator
1944 AD Howard Aiken Mark -1
1946 AD Muchly & Eckert Enact
1951 AD Muchly & Eckert Univac
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Generation of Computer
The generation of computer period (1951– Till Today). Generation period is 5 step .
1) First generation – the computer period (1951- 1958) are called first generation. They used vacuum
tubes in electronic circuits. The vacuum tubes were very large in size. These were very expensive.
Their speed was very slow. Their speed was in million second %.
2) Second Generation – The computer period (1958 – 1964) are called second generation. They used
Vacuum tube replaced by transistors, which same function in first generation, but consumed less
power, were more compact in size.
3) Third Generation – The computer period (1964 – 1972) are called third generation. They used in
integrated circuits (I.C.). they were smellers in size, faster cheaper and more reliable than second
generation computer.
4) Fourth Generation – The computer period (1972 – 1980) are called fourth generation. They used in
Very large scale integrated circuits, which led to the development of micro processer. First of all
C.P.U. circuit was placed on a single chip. Computer widely used in different fields with increased
storage capacity and modular design. Sophisticated programmed for special applications, greater
versatility of input output device, audio response terminals graphics terminals etc.
5) Fifth Generation – The computer period (1980 – Till Today) are called fifth generation. They used
in smaller chips and smaller or more complex design. The speed is very faster Their speed is half
naino second.
Types of Computer
1) Digital Computer – A digital computer is one that directly count to the numbers (for digit) that
represent numerical letters or other special symbol. 0 represent “OFF” position and 1 represent “ON”
position.
2) Analog Computer – An Analog computer is one that measures physical values such as Temperature,
Air pressure. Analog computer are used for scientific engineering and process control purpose.
3) Hybrid Computer – It combines the measuring capabilities of Analog computers and logical or
controls capabilities of Digital computers. Hybrid computer used for Heart patients function.
Digital Computers have been classified into two parts.
1) Special Purpose Computer – A special purpose computers is one that designed to perform only some
specific task. This programmed, as instruction is user into or permanently stored in such as machine.
Eg.- Calculator bill system.
2) General Purpose Computer – A general purpose computer is one that can store different programs
and can thus be used in countless application. Eg. P.C.
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
Types of General purpose computer
1) Micro Computer – Micro computer are generally small enough to fit on a desktop, micro computer
are typically single user system, which means that only one user can use it at a time. It has small to
medium data storage capacity (500MB – 2GB). Eg. – IBM Pc.
2) Mini Computer – Micro computer perform better are larger in size, and cost more than micro, but
mini Computer designed to support more than one user at a time. They support faster peripheral
device like high speed printer.
3) Main Frame Computer – Main frame computer is more powerful.
They operate at very high speeds, have very large storage capacities and can support hundred of
users. They used for data processing in large organization where the record of Thousand of
employees has to be processed. Ex: - IBM 300 series borough B 7900 and Univac 1180.
4) Super Computer – super computer is at the apex of the computer range. They are fastest and the most
expensive machines and are considered a national resources. There are less that 500 conventional
super computer in the world.
Computer components _________ There are two types of computer components:-
1) Hardware– All the types of physical components of computer system that can be seen and touched are
called hardware. Without hardware, the software can’t be installed.
Two groups of Hardware.
a) CPU b) Peripheral device
2) Software – The set of various programs that is installed and stored on the storage device that can be seen
and not be touched are called software. Without software, hardware is no used.
EX.– MS – Office, Paint, Game, etc.
*****CPU(Central Processing Unit)*****
CPU (Central Processing Unit) – It is stands for Central Processing
Unit, that is known as the heart of computer Because it, supplies the electricity current to each physical
component. CPU is also used to store the data program and different types of software so it is called the
Brain of computer. CPU is the processing device that is used to accept the input and gives the output via
processing.
There are Three Component of CPU _____________
a) ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit) – It is used to perform the mathematical operation, such as
Addition, Subtraction, division and multiplication and also used to perform the logical operation
such as less than, greater than and equal to.
+91– 9798589612 1
, (Diploma in ICT] BY Jeremiah Okello(El-Writers)-
[Pick the date] CMM 424
b) CU (Control Unit)-The processer contains the input and output device and also control between ALU
& MU. This electronic circuit is called CU. That is known as the central Nervous system of CPU.
c) MU (Memory unit) – It is an essential components of computer system that is required by the
computer system to store the instruction, data, file, program, etc.
There are mainly two types.
a) Primary memory/Internal memory.
b) Secondary memory/External memory.
1) Internal Memory/Primary Memory – The memory which is attached directly to motherboard is
called internal memory. Eg. – Ram, Rom, etc.
2) External Memory/Secondary Memory – The memory which is attached by a wire (bus) to the
motherboard is called external memory. Eg. – Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CD, DVD, Pen Drive, etc.
xample of primary memory _______________
E
1) Ram (Random Access memory) – It is volatile memory. Its data are lost when the power is
switched off.
2) Rom (Read only memory) – It is Non- volatile memory. Its data are stored during
manufacture. Its data can’t be erased and changed. It starts the routine of booting process
(Starting of computer).
xample of secondary memory ____________
E
1) Hard disk – It is external and secondary memory. It is used to store the information, file, folder,
program, wallpaper, audio file and video file, etc and also store. Its size is incisures in MB, GB, TB,
etc.
2) Floppy Disk – It is an external memory that is used to store any kind of file, folder and programs to
transfer from one computer to another.
There are three types in size_________
a) 8 inch – 1 MB
b) 5.25 inch – 1.22 MB
c) 3.25 inch – 1.44 MB
3) CD (Compact Disc) – It is also an external memory. That is used to store any kind of file, folder and
programs to transfer from one computer to another. Its diameter 1.2cm, thick is 1.2 mm, weight is 16
gm and storage capacity is 700 MB.
4) DVD(Digital Video Disc/ Digital Versatile Disc) – It is an secondary memory, that is used to store
any kind of file, folder and programs to transfer from one computer to other as well as to create a
backup files. Its storage capacity is 4.7. GB.
5) Pen Drive – It is a small external memory that is used to store any kind of file, folder and programs
to transfer from one computer to other. Its storage capacity 128 GB.
Measurement Unit of memory ____________
+91– 9798589612 1
