IE 332 Exam 1 2024 With Complete Solution
Universal Turing Machine
-infinite tape composed of cells, each contain a single character
-machine can change info being stored, write new symbol, or move tape left or right
-Mathematical model of computation
-can be used to show what can be computed by any machine
Computability
-qualitative
-what can be decided algorithmically
Complexity
-what resources (time/space/communication) are needed
-emphasizes quantitative properties
-P vs. NP rank the level of this
Von Neumann Architecture
-First written description of how an electronic computer stores and processes info
-Composed of: Arithmetic logic unit & control unit, memory, input/output
-design = still same basis of computers today
Computing Process
1). Fetch - next instruction fetched from cache or RAM
2). Decode - instructions decoded into form ALU or FPU can understand
3). Execute - instructions carried out
4). Store - data/results stored in registers or RAM
Why use binary?
-Signal distinction otherwise difficult
-Digital representation of numbers, logic, etc.
-circuits = consequences of on/off switches
Switches
-computers = collection of switches
-switches grouped into logic gates, then logic blocks, then logic functions, then logic
chips
-bit = switch being turned on/off
ENIAC
-memoryless (rewired for each program)
-punch cards = input/output
-registers = quick-access read/write storage
UNIVAC
-didn't require rewiring
-used for alphabetical and numerical programs
Transistors ** purpose?
-electronic switch
-gets rid of vacuum tube
-used for same purpose as vacuum tube was
Queue in CPU
-contains instructions
Core in CPU
,-where computations occur
Cache in CPU
-relatively small but very fast type of memory used to store recently used info
-CPU first looks in the cache, then the RAM
-can have different levels of cache
-works b/c more recently used info typically most common to be used again soon
Control Unit in CPU
-delegates operations
Arithmetic Logic Unit in CPU
-performs operations
Register in CPU
-very small bookstore that only has one book, easy to find/access, but doesn't store
much
CPU Clock
-"ticks" by turning on/off at a specific rate
-very consistent
-needs to be on the chip
-keeps everything in sync
-modern CPU measured in GHz
-e/ instruction requires a certain number of clock ticks to perform
-as CPUs became faster, wires on MB started acting like antennae -> Signal vanishes
as radio wave
-Special clock used to transfer between RAM and CPU
Moore's Law
-every 1-2 years there's about a doubling in computing rate/# of transistors
GPU Computing
-Graphics Processing Unit
-Differences b/w GPU & CPU:
-CPU = few cores optimized for sequential tasks
-GPU = thousands of cores for many parallel tasks
each core runs slower than CPU
many more transistors
more power and cost efficient
more limited instruction set
good for simulation based tasks
can accelerate applications faster than CPU
Volatile Computer Memory
-primary memory
-info lost when power goes off
-holds data and instructions currently being used by CPU (ex: cache, registers, RAM)
Non-Volatile Computer Memory
-secondary memory
-info retained when power turns off
-CPU doesn't have direct access, programs/data must be loaded into primary memory
before access (ex: saving to hard drive, USB, DVD)
Quantifying Amounts of Info
, bit
byte (8 bits)
kilobyte
Megabyte (1 million)
Gigabyte (1 billion)
Terabyte (1 trillion)
Petabyte (1000 TB)
Exabyte (1000 PB)
Zetabyte (1000 EB)
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
-power off -> whatever stored there goes away
-organized as 2D grid
- e/ grid cell contains transistor, capacitor (1.6V/0V)
-sensors needed to read data to prevent data loss
Errors in DRAM
Causes:
-faulty chip causes bit to be stuck on 1 or 0
-changes from 0 to 1 due to background radiation or power surge
-overheated memory chip (transistors lose ability to reliably store info)
-not seated properly in slot on motherboard
Symptoms:
-program crashes/improperly functioning
-random computer restarts or hanging
-MB error beeps when booting up
Diagnoses:
-Programs like memTest
Hard Drive components
*see L3 page 18 for picture
-Platter, head, track, track sector, cluster and actuator arm
-Cluster size depends on hard drive format
Defragmented vs. Fragmented Files
-occurs on hard drive
-Fragmentation is monitored and controlled by operating system
Hard Drive Performance Indicators
-capacity (# bytes it can hold)
-Data rate (bytes per second) drive delivers to CPU
-Seek time (amt of time between file request and file sent over)
-Latency (depends on # revolution per minute platter makes, amt. of time it takes for
disk sector to get under read/write head)
Solid State Drive
-no moving parts
-NAND chips vs. platters, like RAM but keeps data when power turned off
-flash drive = simpler version of SSD
Advantages over HDD:
-Faster
-More reliable
Universal Turing Machine
-infinite tape composed of cells, each contain a single character
-machine can change info being stored, write new symbol, or move tape left or right
-Mathematical model of computation
-can be used to show what can be computed by any machine
Computability
-qualitative
-what can be decided algorithmically
Complexity
-what resources (time/space/communication) are needed
-emphasizes quantitative properties
-P vs. NP rank the level of this
Von Neumann Architecture
-First written description of how an electronic computer stores and processes info
-Composed of: Arithmetic logic unit & control unit, memory, input/output
-design = still same basis of computers today
Computing Process
1). Fetch - next instruction fetched from cache or RAM
2). Decode - instructions decoded into form ALU or FPU can understand
3). Execute - instructions carried out
4). Store - data/results stored in registers or RAM
Why use binary?
-Signal distinction otherwise difficult
-Digital representation of numbers, logic, etc.
-circuits = consequences of on/off switches
Switches
-computers = collection of switches
-switches grouped into logic gates, then logic blocks, then logic functions, then logic
chips
-bit = switch being turned on/off
ENIAC
-memoryless (rewired for each program)
-punch cards = input/output
-registers = quick-access read/write storage
UNIVAC
-didn't require rewiring
-used for alphabetical and numerical programs
Transistors ** purpose?
-electronic switch
-gets rid of vacuum tube
-used for same purpose as vacuum tube was
Queue in CPU
-contains instructions
Core in CPU
,-where computations occur
Cache in CPU
-relatively small but very fast type of memory used to store recently used info
-CPU first looks in the cache, then the RAM
-can have different levels of cache
-works b/c more recently used info typically most common to be used again soon
Control Unit in CPU
-delegates operations
Arithmetic Logic Unit in CPU
-performs operations
Register in CPU
-very small bookstore that only has one book, easy to find/access, but doesn't store
much
CPU Clock
-"ticks" by turning on/off at a specific rate
-very consistent
-needs to be on the chip
-keeps everything in sync
-modern CPU measured in GHz
-e/ instruction requires a certain number of clock ticks to perform
-as CPUs became faster, wires on MB started acting like antennae -> Signal vanishes
as radio wave
-Special clock used to transfer between RAM and CPU
Moore's Law
-every 1-2 years there's about a doubling in computing rate/# of transistors
GPU Computing
-Graphics Processing Unit
-Differences b/w GPU & CPU:
-CPU = few cores optimized for sequential tasks
-GPU = thousands of cores for many parallel tasks
each core runs slower than CPU
many more transistors
more power and cost efficient
more limited instruction set
good for simulation based tasks
can accelerate applications faster than CPU
Volatile Computer Memory
-primary memory
-info lost when power goes off
-holds data and instructions currently being used by CPU (ex: cache, registers, RAM)
Non-Volatile Computer Memory
-secondary memory
-info retained when power turns off
-CPU doesn't have direct access, programs/data must be loaded into primary memory
before access (ex: saving to hard drive, USB, DVD)
Quantifying Amounts of Info
, bit
byte (8 bits)
kilobyte
Megabyte (1 million)
Gigabyte (1 billion)
Terabyte (1 trillion)
Petabyte (1000 TB)
Exabyte (1000 PB)
Zetabyte (1000 EB)
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
-power off -> whatever stored there goes away
-organized as 2D grid
- e/ grid cell contains transistor, capacitor (1.6V/0V)
-sensors needed to read data to prevent data loss
Errors in DRAM
Causes:
-faulty chip causes bit to be stuck on 1 or 0
-changes from 0 to 1 due to background radiation or power surge
-overheated memory chip (transistors lose ability to reliably store info)
-not seated properly in slot on motherboard
Symptoms:
-program crashes/improperly functioning
-random computer restarts or hanging
-MB error beeps when booting up
Diagnoses:
-Programs like memTest
Hard Drive components
*see L3 page 18 for picture
-Platter, head, track, track sector, cluster and actuator arm
-Cluster size depends on hard drive format
Defragmented vs. Fragmented Files
-occurs on hard drive
-Fragmentation is monitored and controlled by operating system
Hard Drive Performance Indicators
-capacity (# bytes it can hold)
-Data rate (bytes per second) drive delivers to CPU
-Seek time (amt of time between file request and file sent over)
-Latency (depends on # revolution per minute platter makes, amt. of time it takes for
disk sector to get under read/write head)
Solid State Drive
-no moving parts
-NAND chips vs. platters, like RAM but keeps data when power turned off
-flash drive = simpler version of SSD
Advantages over HDD:
-Faster
-More reliable
