Statistics Pearson Chapter 1.100% ACCURATE GRADE A+ GUARANTEED

Raw data Before Numerical and or non-numerical values of information or observations are arranged or analyzed in a useful manner Define statistics Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw a conclusion and answer questions. In addition, statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions. Break statistics definition into 4 parts 1. Statistics involves collection of information 2. organization and summarization of information 3. analysis to draw conclusions or answer specific questions 4. results should be reported using some measures that represent how convinced we are that our conclusions reflect reality. What is the information referred to in the definition of statistics Information is data Define data A fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision. They describe characteristics of an individual Data can be______ 1. Numerical (height) 2. Non numerical (gender) both describe characteristics of an individual Data are _______and misusing them can be_______ powerful; dangerous Key aspect of data They vary; within groups there is variation . Is everyone in your class the same height? No! Does everyone have the same hair color? No! So, among individuals there is variability. even in an individual (yourself). Do you sleep the same number of hours every night? No! Do you consume the same number of calories every day? No! One goal of statistics To describe and understand sources of variability. Descriptive statistics consist of________ organizing and summarizing data. Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries, tables, and graphs. A statistic is _____ a numerical summary based on a sample inferential statistics uses_______ methods that take results from a sample, extends them to the population, and measures the reliability of the result. A parameter is_______ a numerical summary of a population. Illustrating the Process of Statistics Step 1: Identify the research objective. To determine whether males accused of batterering their intimate female partners that were assigned into a 40-hour batter treatment program are less likely to batter again compared to those assigned to 40-hours of community service. Step 2: Collect the information needed to answer the question. The researchers randomly divided the subjects into two groups. Group 1 participants received the 40-hour batterer program, while group 2 participants received 40 hours of community service. Six months after the program ended, the percentage of males that battered their intimate female partner was determined. Step 3: Describe the data - Organize and summarize the information. The demographic characteristics of the subjects in the experimental and control group were similar. After the six month treatment, 21% of the males in the control group had any further battering incidents, while 10% of the males in the treatment group had any further battering incidents Step 4: Draw conclusions from the data. We extend the results of the 376 males in the study to all males who batter their intimate female partner. That is, males who batter their female partner and participate in a batter treatment program are less likely to batter again. Variables are_Key Point: the characteristics of the individuals within the population. Variables vary. Consider the variable height. If all individuals had the same height, then obtaining the height of one individual would be sufficient in knowing the heights of all individuals. Of course, this is not the case. As researchers, we wish to identify the factors that influence variability. qualitative or categorical variables allow for______ classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic Quantitative variables provide________ numerical measures of individuals. Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of the quantitative variable and provide meaningful results. A discrete variable is ______ a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. The term "countable" means the values result from counting such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. A continuous variable is ____ a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values it can take on and can be measured to any desired level of accuracy. Data Mathematics: correct procedure; results______ Statistics: correct procedure; results______ 100% accuracy 95 % confident Without certainty, how can statistics be useful? statistics provide understanding about the world around us by recognizing where variability in the comes from , help us to make decision (how to vote, invest); makes us informed citizen, consumer of information and critical and statistical thinker Population The entire group that has been identified for study it can refer to items or individuals An individual/A sample A person, an object that is a member of the population being studies Is a subset of the population that is being studied A(n) statistic is _________ a numerical summary of a sample. Descriptive statistics/78% is _______ Consists of the organizing and summarizing data. __________ ____________ describe data through numerical summaries (tables, graphs); it makes it easier to get an overview of what the data is telling us a statistic, a numerical summary based on a sample We are performing inferential statistics if_______ the results are extended of our sample to the population. Define inferential statistics/Inferential statistics Uses methoss that take a result from a sample, extend it to the population, and measure the reliability of the result. ______________ ____________will always include a level of confidence in the results. CONTINUED......