nln pax biology (Answered) Complete Solution

nln pax biology (Answered) Complete Solution Cell smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things. Nucleus contains genetic information or DNA, controls the activities of the cell. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid - genetic information. Plasma or Cell Membrane Semipermeable membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluids (interstitial fluid). Interstitial Fluid contains substances such as aminoacids, sugars, fatty acids, hormones, neurotransmitters and salts. Selectively permeable or semi permeable membrane refers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or right chemical nature to pass through. Additionally plasma membrane contains receptors that bind with specific substances, thus allowing special entry or signals to the cell to perform a certain activity. Cytoplasm Fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that act as scaffolding for the organelles. Organelles or "little organs" are specialized units in the cell that perform certain functions. Mitochondria are the locations for cellular respiration that is the conversion of food to energy at the cellular level, thus the mitochondria are the sites of energy production and most of its ATP. ATP adenosine triphosphate - chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself. Ribosome site of protein synthesis in the cell. Endoplasmatic Reticulum(ER) serves as means of transport within the cell and is made up of many channels. Rough ER named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface, serves to store and deliver proteins made by the attached ribosomes. Smooth ER Free of ribosomes, found in a variety of cells, performs varying functions in different cells, including the storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins, among other things. It is thought to be involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats. Golgi Complex modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell. Lysosome sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes, responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning and for digesting waste. Cell wall exclusive to plant cells and it involves the plant cells, essential for their protection, maintenance of shape and water balance. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis. Vacuole large compartments in the cytoplasm that serve as places for secretion, excretion and storage. Chromatin loosely structured DNA found when the cell is not dividing. Chromosomes condensed rod shaped bodies of DNA found when the cell is dividing. Mitosis process of cell division that happens in non-reproductive or somatic cells. The new cells are identical copies of the parent cell. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. Zygote cell created by the union of a sperm and an egg, contains a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent. Meiosis process of cell division that happens in reproductive cells or gametes (cells that contain only half of the genetic material). It consists first of a doubling of chromosomes then two subsequent divisions. So the product is 4 daughter cells each with half of the genetic material than a non-reproductive or somatic cell. Tissue cells with common structure and function Muscle Tissue skeletal, cardiac and smooth Epithelial Tissue skin and lining of organs Nervous Tissue neurons Connective Tissue cartilage, blood, fat and bones Organ various tissue forms combined to perform a specialized function. Organ System number of organs working together to perform a major function Natural Selection process by which the traits that promote or enhance an organism's ability to survive and reproduce are passed on to following generations. Adaptation "survival of the fittest" - For natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations,some of which give the individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for survival occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can survive. In this struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment lives and passes on the traits to their offspring. Fossil Record remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic eras. Vertebrates animals with back bones. Biogeography geographical distribution of plants and animals. Comparative Anatomy comparison between organisms' structures. Comparative Embryology comparison between organisms' embryos. Evolution theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity we see today. Molecular Biology Biology at molecular level. Active Transport involves the use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the membrane. Diffusion particles move in a random manner, spreading evenly throughout an available space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration. Osmosis specific water type of diffusion, water moves from an area of high water concentration (or low particle concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high particle concentration). Filtration movement of water and solutes through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure. Hypertonic solution. greater concentration of solute, this solution will draw water out of a cell or other Hypotonic solution. lower concentration of solute, this solution will let water move into a cell or the other Autotroph organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances. Heterotroph organisms that obtain their food by consuming plants or other animals, also referred as consumers. Herbivore Plant eaters Omnivore Plant and meat eaters Carnivore