Honors Biology Final Exam Review 2024/2025 Questions and Answers 100% Solved

abiotic factors - physical, or nonliving, factor that shapes an ecosystem acid rain - rain containing nitric and sulfuric acids active immunity - immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response adaptation - any heritable characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment adaptation - inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - a compound that cells use to store and release energy; made of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose) and three phosphate groups adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances; in plants, attraction between unlike molecules aerobic - organism that requires a constant supply of oxygen in order to live aerobic - pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen; "in air" aerobic respiration - process that requires oxygen alleles - different forms of a gene anaerobic - organism that cannot live in the presence of oxygen anaerobic - pathways of cellular respiration that do not require oxygen; "without air" anaerobic respiration - process that does not require oxygen analogous structures - body parts that share a common function, but not structure anaphase - third phase of mitosis; chromosomes separate and move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell angiosperm - flowering plant; bears its seeds within a layer of tissue that protect the seed anther - flowering structure in which haploid make gametophytes are produced antibiotic - compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria anticodon - the three unpaired bases in tRNA; each is complementary to one mRNA codon aquaporins - water channel proteins A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane artificial selection - selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms asexual reproduction - the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent ATP - one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy ATP Synthase - a protein found on the thylakoid membrane that allows H+ ions to pass through it, converting ADP into ATP ATP synthase - large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP autosome - the remaining 44 human chromosomes (not including sex chromosomes) autotroph - organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer autotrophs - organisms that make their own food bacteriophage - a kind of virus that infects bacteria base pairing - the perfect fit between nucleotides; A-T, C-G binary fission - type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells binomial nomenclature - classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name biodiversity - biological diversity; the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere