Portage NURS 251 - Test 3exam With Complete Solutions 2024

Portage NURS 251 - Test 3exam With Complete Solutions 2024Two factors that determine a person's blood pressure - correct answer-Cardiac Output and Systemic Vascular Resistance Cardiac output - correct answer-amount of blood ejected from the heart's left ventricle in one minute (heart rate x stroke volume) SVR (systemic vascular resistance) - correct answer-amount of resistance to blood flow Contributing factors to a patient's blood pressure - correct answer-Cardiac Factors: heart rate, contractibility Circulating Volume: salt, alaosterone, hormones, and peripheral sympathetic receptors Hypertension Classification - correct answer-Normotensive = 120/80 Prehypertensive = 120-139/80-89 Hypertensive = 140/90 Stage 1 = 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 = 160/100 How to take blood pressure - correct answer-The instrument used is called a sphygmomanometer. The health care provider uses a blood pressure cuff to cut off the blood flow from the brachial artery. As they release the pressure in the cuff, using a stethoscope, they are listening for the first sound, called the Korotkoff sound, meaning there is no longer enough pressure to keep all the blood from flowing. This is the top number or systolic value of the patient's blood pressure. The provider continues to let air out of the cuff and eventually the sounds disappear, representing that the brachial artery is now completely open. This is known as the diastolic value or bottom number in a patient's blood pressure. Differentiate essential hypertension and secondary hypertension - correct answer--Essential hypertension (primary hypertension): cause of the increased blood pressure is unknown. -Secondary hypertension: elevated blood pressure is caused by another disease. peripheral resistance - correct answer-resistance generated by the flow of blood through the arteries. When this happens, the kidney releases an enzyme called renin. Renin enzyme - correct answer-leads to further vasoconstriction, water and sodium retention, and an increase in blood pressure What happens to the peripheral resistance during high blood pressure - correct answer-there is an increased peripheral resistance which decreases blood supply to the kidney. Antihypertensive therapy - correct answer--goal is to decrease morbidity and mortality without decreasing quality of life Antihypertensive therapy should be started in patients - correct answer-· 60+ if their blood pressure 150/90mm/Hg. · 59- or those with chronic kidney disease or diabetes used when the blood pressure 140/90mm/Hg. The four first line antihypertensives - correct answer--Thiazide diuretics -ACE-Inhibitors -ARBs -CCBs Thiazide Diuretics (mechanism of action & example) - correct answer-- known as a low sodium diet - decreases plasma and extracellular fluid volumes which decreases preload and leads to a decrease in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. - Hydrochlorothiazide ACE Inhibitors (mechanism of action & example) - correct answer-- Prevent angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. It also stimulates the reabsorption of water and sodium into the body. Both of these actions raise blood pressure. Therefore, by blocking, blood pressure is reduced. - Lisinopril (Prinivil) ARBs (mechanism of action & example) - correct answer-- Block the binding of Angiotensin II to type 1 Angiotensin II receptors. This blocks vasoconstriction and the secretion of aldosterone. Aldosterone causes sodium and water to be reabsorbed into the body, which can raise BP. Therefore, by blocking this receptor, blood pressure is reduced. - Losartan (Cozzar) CCBs (mechanism of action & example) - correct answer-- Blocks Calcium from binding to receptors which causes smooth muscles to relax, thereby preventing contraction - Amlodipine (Norvasc) Sites of action of major antihypertensive medications - correct answer-the brain, heart, blood vessels, and kindeys Angina pectoris - correct answer-chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen Key terms related to angina - correct answer--coronary artery disease -ischemia -myocardial infarction