LATEST Hilliard Patho 370 Week 3 /4 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2023/2024

Primary Hypertension - ANSWER Idiopathic disorder (unknown) Most common form of hypertension Secondary Hypertension - ANSWER Hypertension attributed to a specific IDENTIFIABLE pathology or condition (Iatrogenic) Hypertensive Urgency - ANSWER similar blood pressure elevation without evidence of end-organ damage Hypertensive Emergency - ANSWER sudden increase in either or both systolic or diastolic blood pressure with evidence of end-organ damage End Organ Damage of Hypertension - ANSWER Stroke Ischemic heart disease Renal disease Retinal damage in eyes Aneurism Normal Blood Pressure Classification Range ? - ANSWER SBP 120 DBP 80 Pre-Hypertension Blood Pressure Classification Range ? - ANSWER SBP 120-139 DBP 80-89 Stage 1 Blood Pressure Classification Range ? - ANSWER SBP 140-159 DBP 90-99 Stage 2 Blood Pressure Classification Range ? - ANSWER SBP ≥ 160 DBP ≥ 100 How does Sodium influence hypertension? - ANSWER attracts water, build up in body, leads to an increase in body volume, leads to increased blood volume, which increases bp Ace Inhibitors - ANSWER Blocks conversion of angiotensin 1 to 2 Decreases blood pressure Types of Ace Inhibitors - ANSWER Diuretic Aldosterone receptors Diuretic Ace inhibitor - ANSWER Releases water to decrease body volume, decreases blood volume, decreases bp Aldosterone Receptor Ace Inhibitor - ANSWER block aldosterone from releasing causing sodium and water to be retained which decreases bp Complication of Orthostatic Hypotension - ANSWER history of falls syncope (not knowing where they are) dizziness blurred vision Risk Factors for Orthostatic Hypotension - ANSWER stroke Cognitive impairment Deaf Pulmonary Stenosis - ANSWER abnormal fusion of the valvular cusps and can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy (pool in blood which enlarges it) LDL correlation and Coronary Artery Disease - ANSWER Elevated LDL levels increases the disease and vice versa Stable Angina - ANSWER Pain can be stabled by rest or medication Unstable Angina - ANSWER Pain does not decrease May progress to acute ischemia Complications of Acute Coronary Syndrome - ANSWER Unstable Angina Lead to MI Sudden Cardiac Arrest Diagnostic tests and findings to detect Myocardial Infarction - ANSWER ECG (elevated ST segment) Cardiac Markers (Troponin levels) Rheumatic Heart Disease - ANSWER Acute inflammatory disease that follows infection with group A β-hemolytic streptococci Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER right ventricular enlargement that is secondary to primary lung disease Acyanotic Congenital Defects? - ANSWER Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Patent ductus arteriosus Coarctation of the aorta Pulmonary and Aortic (Stenosis or atresia) Cyanotic Congenital Defects? - ANSWER Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries Truncus arteriosus Tricuspid atresia Patent Ductus Arteriosus - ANSWER Conditions that causes low blood oxygen tension may contribute to continued potency. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - ANSWER Intermittent difficulty breathing at night Reduced Cardiac Output - ANSWER Heart Failure Body will compensate by kicking in sympathetic nervous system Tries to make the heart contract Left Sided heart failure - ANSWER lung related Backward effects of left sided heart failure - ANSWER Dyspnea on exertion Orthopnea Cough Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnea Cyanosis Basilar crackles Right sided heart failure - ANSWER progressed from left sided Backward effects of right sided heart failure - ANSWER Hepatomegaly Ascites Splenomegaly Anorexia Subcutaneous Edema Jugular vein distention