2024 LATEST History Final Prep

Corps of Discovery () - CORRECT ANSWER Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the West. Although they explored the land, they ignored the complexities of native society, and as a result caused native complexities to be unknown to the American public. This allowed for easier colonization and removal because in a sense the native people are seen as inferior individuals by the American public. Saukamappee - CORRECT ANSWER Cree who told a fur trader how his adopted people- the Blackfeet- killed their enemies, used horses, dealt with smallpox, and built a monopoly on the gun trade. The radical effect of firearms on Plains Indian warfare When-Acquisition of horses and guns in 1730s Where-Plains Indian and specifically Cree living among Blackfeet Significance-This was significant because warfare was an integral part of Indian life but the introduction of horses and guns made it a lot more lethal. The effect of Saukamappee was drastic on native populations as there was 30%-50% population loss. This term shows the tremendous impact of European exploration on Indians and how this was the beginning of a "genocide". Also, this effect shows the great amount of change that happened BEFORE Lewis and Clark. Horse Nations - CORRECT ANSWER Who- Native American tribes What- Introduction of horses to the plains and an impact on Indian life Where- Plains Significance- This was a fundamental redefinition of native life and changed lifeways, worldviews, and social organizations. Horses allowed for greater mobility as Indians were able to carry almost everything they needed and was a great increase from dogs (which used to be the main form of mobility). Horses also became an integral part of warfare and this became more intense and lethal. Horses transform all parts of society from top to bottom but also show how natives are "changing themselves" without Europeans and on their own terms. Dakota Conflict - CORRECT ANSWER Who- Sioux Nation and the United States What- Armed conflict between the United States and several bands of native tribes When- 1862 Where- Dakota Significance- This is significant because this shows native resistance against America's drive for westward expansion across North America. This conflict rose because of the tensions between Native Americans and settlers as settlers wanted to restrict Native Americans to a reservation. This was an act of Natives defending their home against the US's broken promises (treaties) but in the end caused starvation and disease, a massive decimation of the Indian population across the United States. Sand Creek - CORRECT ANSWER Who- Village of 500 Cheyenne and Arapaho What- Roughly 700 federal troops attacked a village of 500 Cheyenne and Arapaho, and this was an unprovoked attack on men, women, and children. When- 1864 Where- Sand Creek in Colorado Significance- This is significant because it was a turning point in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the Federal Government because a certain level of trust was broken. This was an attack on a village that was registered as non-hostile but the US Army needed someone to fight and reversed decisions in order to attack. This level of distrust stemming from Sand Creek would lead to later conflicts at Little BigHorn, Wounded Knee, and Washita. Bosque Redondo - CORRECT ANSWER Who- Navajo (Dine) What- Internment camp for Navajo people When-1864 about 8570 people were imprisoned Where- Fort Summer, New Mexico Significance- The significance of this location lies in the genocidal acts of the United States as they tried to destroy their culture and also gave them less than the bare essentials to live. Navajo prisoners were expected to embrace American cultural values- such as farming, Chrisitianity, individualism, and the English language, representing federal Indian assimilation. But the main issue was the land in Bosque Redondo was not suited for farming, so there was starvation, disease, and death. Winter Counts - CORRECT ANSWER What- Calendars that visually represent Lakota oral history Where- Lakota Significance- Each pictograph on the winter count represents an important event that serves as a marker for a year. These makers would represent decades of important events. This shows the complexity of Indigenous society and how they used technology to keep track of the dates. "Touching the Pen" - CORRECT ANSWER What- Creation of treaties with native tribes When- Throughout westward expansion-Present Where- Throughout America Significance- Treaty making is one of the tools on how the US claims land and completes this manifest destiny to slowly spread across the US and push out "lower" beings. This is significant because treaties and agreements are sacred to native tribes, who uphold their end of the treaty but usually do not have reciprocation of the terms by the United States. The main point is the US uses treaties to gain more land and get more power. Treaty of Horse Creek - CORRECT ANSWER Who- Treaty between "Head chiefs" and the US What- Treaty between natives and Americans as settlers move in and overland trails and forts are built. Used to prevent conflict with bloodshed. The Federal Government promised to protect Indian resources and tribal hunting grounds from white settlers but this was one of the many promises that weren't kept. When- 1851 Where- Sioux Reservation Significance- This shows the US's disregard of Native diversity as it is made up of various local tribes but the US talks to "overarching leaders" to make it easier to take land. The biggest issue is the difference between non-native and native expectations. Non-natives saw this as a means to an end, so essentially as a way to establish influence, impose leadership, draw boundaries, clear paths for settlement, and assimilate the natives. They saw this as temporary while natives saw these as covenantal or sacred agreements meant to endure time. In their eyes, there should be no difference between what was said and what was written. Treaty of Fort Laramie - CORRECT ANSWER Who-Tribes of the Lakota Nation (or Sioux Nation) What-Establish "permanent peace" and considers the Powder River Country "unceded" When-1806 Where-Black Hills and Powder River Country Significance-Goal of the treaty was to bring peace between White settlers and tribes, who agreed to relocate to the Black Hills in the Dakota Territory. The significance lies in the future because when gold is found in the Black Hills, the treaty terms are not respected by the United States, and this shows how treaties are just a way for them to