BIOS 252 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWER
CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
• Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to
illustrate aspinal reflex.
(Page 446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray
matterIf you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and
you maydrop the hotobject even before you are consciously aware of the
extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a spinal cord reflex—a quick,
automaticresponse to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons only
in the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
• Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to
coma -how are theysimilar and how do they differ.(Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from
which aperson can be aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no
response tostimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep
Beta waves- fully awake eyes open
,Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting Beta Waves – mental and sensoryactivityTheta Waves –
emotional
distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
• Explain language usage and comprehension including a description
of the two majorlanguage areas of the brain, where they are located
and what they are specialized toaccomplish, including what happens
when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and
understandinglanguage that involve sensory association and motor
areasat the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere,
interprets the meaningof speech by recognizing spoken words,
translates wordsinto thoughts
Damage to Broca’s:
, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) means understand words but
cannotspeak yourthoughts
Damage to Wernicke’s:
Can speak but cannot arrange words in a coherent fashion
• Compare and contrast the cochlea and the vestibular
apparatus, discussing theiranatomical and physiological
differences.
The inner ear is divided into 2 categories: the cochlea and
vestibularapparatus.
Cochlea – snail shape boney spinal canal makes 3 turns around a
boneycord anddivided into 3 channels
Vestibular apparatus – is the oval central portion of the boney labyrinth
the membranous labyrinth in the vestibule consists of two sacs the utricle
and sacculewhich are connected by a small duct coming from the vestibule
are 3 boney semicircular canals
• Explain the process of light reflecting off an object will pass through
theeye. Includeall relevant structures and indicate how the photon is
transduced into an electrochemical signal in the brain. Include the
major regions involved in visual transduction.
CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
• Define spinal reflex and use an example from the body to
illustrate aspinal reflex.
(Page 446)
Spinal Reflex – when integration takes place in the spinal cord gray
matterIf you pick up something hot, the grasping muscles may relax and
you maydrop the hotobject even before you are consciously aware of the
extreme heat or pain. This is an example of a spinal cord reflex—a quick,
automaticresponse to certain kinds of stimuli that involves neurons only
in the spinal nerves and spinal cord.
• Describe sleep and its major stages and then contrast sleep to
coma -how are theysimilar and how do they differ.(Page 570)
Sleep is a state of altered consciousness or partial unconsciousness from
which aperson can be aroused
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person has little or no
response tostimuli
Alpha waves- stage 1 (drowsy)
Sleep Spindles – Stage 2 light sleep
Theta and delta waves – stags 3-4 deep sleep
Beta waves- fully awake eyes open
,Brain Waves:
Alpha waves – awake and resting Beta Waves – mental and sensoryactivityTheta Waves –
emotional
distress
Delta Waves – Deep sleep in adults
• Explain language usage and comprehension including a description
of the two majorlanguage areas of the brain, where they are located
and what they are specialized toaccomplish, including what happens
when damage occurs to either area.
Broca’s Area:
Located in the frontal lobe left hemisphere, deals with speaking and
understandinglanguage that involve sensory association and motor
areasat the cortex
Wernicke’s Area:
Located in the left temporal & parietal lobes left hemisphere,
interprets the meaningof speech by recognizing spoken words,
translates wordsinto thoughts
Damage to Broca’s:
, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) means understand words but
cannotspeak yourthoughts
Damage to Wernicke’s:
Can speak but cannot arrange words in a coherent fashion
• Compare and contrast the cochlea and the vestibular
apparatus, discussing theiranatomical and physiological
differences.
The inner ear is divided into 2 categories: the cochlea and
vestibularapparatus.
Cochlea – snail shape boney spinal canal makes 3 turns around a
boneycord anddivided into 3 channels
Vestibular apparatus – is the oval central portion of the boney labyrinth
the membranous labyrinth in the vestibule consists of two sacs the utricle
and sacculewhich are connected by a small duct coming from the vestibule
are 3 boney semicircular canals
• Explain the process of light reflecting off an object will pass through
theeye. Includeall relevant structures and indicate how the photon is
transduced into an electrochemical signal in the brain. Include the
major regions involved in visual transduction.
