Landelijke Kennistoets – English Grammar
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Clauses
All clauses have a subject and a verb.
• Defining relaive clause - restricive
- clause contains informaion the sentence can’t do without
- not put in commas
- In defining relaive clauses, ‘wwho’ and ‘wwhich’ may be replaced with ‘wthat’.
• Non-defining relaive clauses - non-restricive
- extra info but not defining
- put in commas
- in non-defining relaive clauses, who and which may not be replaced with that.
• Relaive Pronouns
who (people)
which (animals/things)
which (sentence)
whose (possession)
that (people/animals/things in defining relaive clause
•Object pronoun or subject pronoun?
- if the pronoun is followed by a verb it’s a Subject Pronoun
Ex: The apple which is lying on the table
- if the pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun it is an Object Pronoun
Ex: The apple which George lay on the table.
Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relaive clauses (no commas, not followed by a verb).
Ex: The apple George lay on the table.
Clauses (sorts)
•Main clause = Independent clause
- can stand on its own
- subject + verb is complete thought (ex: I am thinking)
•Dependant clause
- has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought (ex: whether you can come)
- cannot stand alone
Adverbial clauses
- modify verbs
- starts with subordinaion conjucion (transiion word in ime, place or cause/efect)
(ex: he played guitar until his ingers bled)
Adjecive clauses
- modify nouns
- start with relaive pronoun
(ex: The present that you gave me last week)
, Noun clauses
- name a person, thing, idea or place
- acts as a noun
(ex: the trophy goes to whoever wins the race)
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Determiners
- used to modify a noun
- refers to something specific or of a paricular type
• Demonstraive determiners (this, that, these, those)
- modifies a noun
Ex: this apple tastes nice / those houses are huge
As opposed to a demonstraive pronoun, which can stand on its own
“ I can’t believe this!”
•Possessive determiner
- modify the noun to show possession
Ex: I’ll get my bag
As opposed to possessive pronouns, which funcion as the subject of a sentence.
“Mine is right here.”
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Nouns
• Uncountable nouns
- cannot be counted by numbers
- used with singular verb
- usually do not have a plural form
ex: tea, sugar, air, love, money
to express quanity, used with much, a lot of, a litle, a bit, etc.
•Countable nouns
- can be counted by numbers
- have a singular and plural form
- singular form uses aricle a/an
The genitive case
- used for showing possession
- usually created by adding possession
singular noun - dog - dog’s bowl
plural noun - dogs - dogs’ bowl
singular ending is -s - Jess - Jess’s hat or Jess’ hat
plural noun (not -s) - men - men’s room
plural ending in -s - kids - kids’ room
________________________________________________________________________
Clauses
All clauses have a subject and a verb.
• Defining relaive clause - restricive
- clause contains informaion the sentence can’t do without
- not put in commas
- In defining relaive clauses, ‘wwho’ and ‘wwhich’ may be replaced with ‘wthat’.
• Non-defining relaive clauses - non-restricive
- extra info but not defining
- put in commas
- in non-defining relaive clauses, who and which may not be replaced with that.
• Relaive Pronouns
who (people)
which (animals/things)
which (sentence)
whose (possession)
that (people/animals/things in defining relaive clause
•Object pronoun or subject pronoun?
- if the pronoun is followed by a verb it’s a Subject Pronoun
Ex: The apple which is lying on the table
- if the pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun it is an Object Pronoun
Ex: The apple which George lay on the table.
Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relaive clauses (no commas, not followed by a verb).
Ex: The apple George lay on the table.
Clauses (sorts)
•Main clause = Independent clause
- can stand on its own
- subject + verb is complete thought (ex: I am thinking)
•Dependant clause
- has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought (ex: whether you can come)
- cannot stand alone
Adverbial clauses
- modify verbs
- starts with subordinaion conjucion (transiion word in ime, place or cause/efect)
(ex: he played guitar until his ingers bled)
Adjecive clauses
- modify nouns
- start with relaive pronoun
(ex: The present that you gave me last week)
, Noun clauses
- name a person, thing, idea or place
- acts as a noun
(ex: the trophy goes to whoever wins the race)
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Determiners
- used to modify a noun
- refers to something specific or of a paricular type
• Demonstraive determiners (this, that, these, those)
- modifies a noun
Ex: this apple tastes nice / those houses are huge
As opposed to a demonstraive pronoun, which can stand on its own
“ I can’t believe this!”
•Possessive determiner
- modify the noun to show possession
Ex: I’ll get my bag
As opposed to possessive pronouns, which funcion as the subject of a sentence.
“Mine is right here.”
________________________________________________________________________
Nouns
• Uncountable nouns
- cannot be counted by numbers
- used with singular verb
- usually do not have a plural form
ex: tea, sugar, air, love, money
to express quanity, used with much, a lot of, a litle, a bit, etc.
•Countable nouns
- can be counted by numbers
- have a singular and plural form
- singular form uses aricle a/an
The genitive case
- used for showing possession
- usually created by adding possession
singular noun - dog - dog’s bowl
plural noun - dogs - dogs’ bowl
singular ending is -s - Jess - Jess’s hat or Jess’ hat
plural noun (not -s) - men - men’s room
plural ending in -s - kids - kids’ room
