PSY 102 RYERSON Midterm Exam Guide 2024 with Correct Answers and Questions

Psychology - scientific study of the brain, mind and behaviour multiply determined - produced by many factors scientific psychology - -process based approach, not concerned with individuals but group norms -behavior can be explained in terms of biological, electrical and chemical changes in the brain humanistic psychology - we can predict behavior, not through deterministic laws but based on values, language, development and attitudes structuralism - -Wundt + Titchener -identify basic elements + "structures" of psychological experience -'periodic table' of elements of consciousness introspection - method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences functionalism - -William James influenced by Charles Darwin -evolutionary theory in modern psychology -identify adaptive purposes or functions of psychological characteristics such as thoughts, feelings + behaviours behaviourism - -Watson + Skinner - Uncover general principles of learning underlying human and animal behaviour natural selection - principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other organisms cognitivism - -Piaget + Neisser -school of psychology that proposes that thinking is central to understanding behaviour psychoanalysis - -Freud + Jung - Focus on internal, psychological processes that control our behaviour (drives) naive realism - There is one objective reality and we each believe that we see the world precisely as it is scientific theory - Explanation for a large number of findings or observations that ties multiple findings together. hypothesis - testable prediction derived from a scientific theory confirmation bias - tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them apophenia - tendency to perceive meaningful connections among unrelated phenomena pareidolia - seeing meaningful image in meaningless visual stimuli emotional reasoning fallacy - using our emotions as guides in evaluating the validity of a claim bandwagon fallacy - assuming a claim is correct because many people believe it not me fallacy - error of believing that you are immune from errors that affect other people belief perseverance - tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them metaphysical claim - assertion about the world that is not testable ruling out rival hypotheses - what are other potential explanations for a given behaviour? have other explanations been excluded? correlation-causation fallacy - error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other falsifiability - a good theory or claim must be falsifiable. if there is no way to prove it false, it is not valid