ALL COMBINED Public Health Chps
(both midterm & final) (Answered)
Which statement regarding Florence Nightingale's ideas about ethics is correct?
a.
Nursing is a call to service, and the moral character of persons entering nursing is
important.
b.
Ethical principles are based on the values of the individual nurse.
c.
Society will dictate the ethical principles to which nurses must adhere.
d.
Ethics are very important in times of war, such as in the Crimean War, when she set up
public health centers.
ANS: A
Florence Nightingale saw nursing as a call to service and viewed the moral character of
persons entering nursing as important. Florence Nightingale did not set up public health
centers. Florence Nightingale did not believe that nurses must adhere to society's view
of ethical principles. Ethical beliefs are based on the values of the individual nurse, not
ethical principles.
A nurse is applying the knowledge and processes of ethics to the examination of ethical
problems in health care. Which of the following describes the actions of the nurse?
a.
Values
b.
Morality
c.
Ethics
d.
Bioethics
ANS: D
Bioethics applies the knowledge and processes of ethics to the examination of ethical
problems in health care. Values are beliefs about the worth or importance of what is
right or esteemed. Morality is shared and generational societal norms about what
constitutes right or wrong conduct. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that includes both a
body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what
persons ought to do or be regarding this life.
A nurse who was working in the 1960s used the code of ethics to guide making an
ethical decision. Which code of ethics would have been used?
a.
Nightingale Pledge
,b.
Code for Professional Nurses
c.
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
d.
International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale lived in the 1800s. The Code for Professional Nurses was adopted
in 1950, the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements was adopted in
2001, and the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses was adopted in 2000.
An orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional
obligations is:
a.
moral distress.
b.
ethical decision making.
c.
a value.
d.
a code of ethics.
ANS: B
Ethical decision making is defined as an orderly process that considers ethical
principles, client values, and professional obligations. Moral distress is an
uncomfortable state of self when one is unable to act ethically. Values are beliefs about
the worth or importance of what is right or esteemed. A code of ethics is a moral
standard that delineates a profession's values, goals, and obligations.
A public health nurse is examining several issues within daily practice. Which of the
following issues would be considered an ethical dilemma?
a.
Whether or not to establish a community health center in a rural area
b.
Allocating resources in a natural disaster
c.
Deciding to withdraw care on a hospice patient
d.
Applying the principles of Florence Nightingale in Bangladesh
ANS: B
When resources are scarce, a dilemma may exist as to how to allocate them.
Considering establishing a community health center may be a dilemma, but it probably
does not involve ethics. Withdrawing care from a hospice patient would most likely not
be an issue encountered by a public health nurse, as this represents community health
nursing practice, not public health nursing practice. Applying the principles of Florence
Nightingale would not be ethical issue.
The growing multiculturalism of American society can contribute to ethnicity conflicts
when:
a.
,providing care to different cultural groups.
b.
individual values align with the cultural norms.
c.
ethnic groups overburden the health care system.
d.
the greater community's values are jeopardized by specific ethnic values.
ANS: D
Callahan offered perspectives on judging diversity and suggests a thoughtful tolerance
and some degree of moral persuasion (not coercion) for ethnic groups to alter values so
that they are more in keeping with what is normative in American culture. Providing care
to different cultural groups should not produce an ethnicity conflict. Individual alignment
with cultural norms would make it less likely that an ethnicity conflict would occur. Ethnic
groups using the health care system will not cause it to be overburdened or result in an
ethnicity conflict.
There are two medically indigent clients in the clinic who have come to get their monthly
supply of free insulin. There is only enough for one client. Which of the following actions
would the nurse take first?
a.
Identify all options
b.
Make a decision
c.
Gather additional information
d.
Act and assess decisions made
ANS: C
The steps of the ethical decision-making framework are to first identify the ethical issues
and dilemmas, then place them within a meaningful context, obtain all relevant facts,
reformulate ethical issues and dilemmas if needed, consider appropriate approaches to
actions or options, make decisions and take action, and evaluate decisions and action.
A nurse has used the steps of the ethical decision-making process when making a
decision. Which of the following is most similar to this process?
a.
Healthy People 2010
b.
Deontology
c.
The nursing process
d.
Advocacy
ANS: C
The steps of the ethical decision-making framework are to first identify the ethical issues
and dilemmas, then place them within a meaningful context, obtain all relevant facts,
reformulate ethical issues and dilemmas if needed, consider appropriate approaches to
actions or options, make decisions and take action, and evaluate decisions and action.
, The nursing process involves the same basic steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation. Healthy People 2010, deontology, and advocacy do not
involve these multiple steps described by the ethical decision-making framework and
the nursing process.
Which ethical principle requires "doing no harm?"
a.
Respect for autonomy
b.
Non-maleficence
c.
Beneficence
d.
Distributive justice
ANS: B
Non-maleficence refers to doing no harm. Respect for autonomy requires that
individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans
unless those choices result in harm to another. Beneficence requires that we do good.
Distributive justice requires that there be a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in
society based on the needs and contributions of its members.
A nurse is applying the ethical principle of non-maleficence. Which of the following
describes the action that the nurse is taking?
a.
Administering medications using the "five rights"
b.
Allowing clients to be active participants in their care
c.
Providing patient privacy when delivering care
d.
Referring a client to a physical therapist
ANS: A
Non-maleficence requires that one do no harm. It requires that health care professionals
act according to the standards of due care, always seeking to produce the least amount
of harm possible. Providing privacy when delivering care demonstrates the client's right
to privacy. Allowing clients to be active participants in their care refers to the ethical
principle of the right to autonomy. Referring a client to a physical therapist demonstrates
the nursing role of referral agent.
A nurse is applying the principle of distributive justice. Which of the following describes
the benefits that will occur through application of this principle?
a.
Basic needs, material and social goods, liberties, rights, and entitlements
b.
Taxes, military service, location of incinerators or power plants
c.
Entitlement to equal rights and equal treatment
d.
The right to private property and personal assets
(both midterm & final) (Answered)
Which statement regarding Florence Nightingale's ideas about ethics is correct?
a.
Nursing is a call to service, and the moral character of persons entering nursing is
important.
b.
Ethical principles are based on the values of the individual nurse.
c.
Society will dictate the ethical principles to which nurses must adhere.
d.
Ethics are very important in times of war, such as in the Crimean War, when she set up
public health centers.
ANS: A
Florence Nightingale saw nursing as a call to service and viewed the moral character of
persons entering nursing as important. Florence Nightingale did not set up public health
centers. Florence Nightingale did not believe that nurses must adhere to society's view
of ethical principles. Ethical beliefs are based on the values of the individual nurse, not
ethical principles.
A nurse is applying the knowledge and processes of ethics to the examination of ethical
problems in health care. Which of the following describes the actions of the nurse?
a.
Values
b.
Morality
c.
Ethics
d.
Bioethics
ANS: D
Bioethics applies the knowledge and processes of ethics to the examination of ethical
problems in health care. Values are beliefs about the worth or importance of what is
right or esteemed. Morality is shared and generational societal norms about what
constitutes right or wrong conduct. Ethics is a branch of philosophy that includes both a
body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what
persons ought to do or be regarding this life.
A nurse who was working in the 1960s used the code of ethics to guide making an
ethical decision. Which code of ethics would have been used?
a.
Nightingale Pledge
,b.
Code for Professional Nurses
c.
Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
d.
International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics for Nurses
ANS: B
Florence Nightingale lived in the 1800s. The Code for Professional Nurses was adopted
in 1950, the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements was adopted in
2001, and the ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses was adopted in 2000.
An orderly process that considers ethical principles, client values, and professional
obligations is:
a.
moral distress.
b.
ethical decision making.
c.
a value.
d.
a code of ethics.
ANS: B
Ethical decision making is defined as an orderly process that considers ethical
principles, client values, and professional obligations. Moral distress is an
uncomfortable state of self when one is unable to act ethically. Values are beliefs about
the worth or importance of what is right or esteemed. A code of ethics is a moral
standard that delineates a profession's values, goals, and obligations.
A public health nurse is examining several issues within daily practice. Which of the
following issues would be considered an ethical dilemma?
a.
Whether or not to establish a community health center in a rural area
b.
Allocating resources in a natural disaster
c.
Deciding to withdraw care on a hospice patient
d.
Applying the principles of Florence Nightingale in Bangladesh
ANS: B
When resources are scarce, a dilemma may exist as to how to allocate them.
Considering establishing a community health center may be a dilemma, but it probably
does not involve ethics. Withdrawing care from a hospice patient would most likely not
be an issue encountered by a public health nurse, as this represents community health
nursing practice, not public health nursing practice. Applying the principles of Florence
Nightingale would not be ethical issue.
The growing multiculturalism of American society can contribute to ethnicity conflicts
when:
a.
,providing care to different cultural groups.
b.
individual values align with the cultural norms.
c.
ethnic groups overburden the health care system.
d.
the greater community's values are jeopardized by specific ethnic values.
ANS: D
Callahan offered perspectives on judging diversity and suggests a thoughtful tolerance
and some degree of moral persuasion (not coercion) for ethnic groups to alter values so
that they are more in keeping with what is normative in American culture. Providing care
to different cultural groups should not produce an ethnicity conflict. Individual alignment
with cultural norms would make it less likely that an ethnicity conflict would occur. Ethnic
groups using the health care system will not cause it to be overburdened or result in an
ethnicity conflict.
There are two medically indigent clients in the clinic who have come to get their monthly
supply of free insulin. There is only enough for one client. Which of the following actions
would the nurse take first?
a.
Identify all options
b.
Make a decision
c.
Gather additional information
d.
Act and assess decisions made
ANS: C
The steps of the ethical decision-making framework are to first identify the ethical issues
and dilemmas, then place them within a meaningful context, obtain all relevant facts,
reformulate ethical issues and dilemmas if needed, consider appropriate approaches to
actions or options, make decisions and take action, and evaluate decisions and action.
A nurse has used the steps of the ethical decision-making process when making a
decision. Which of the following is most similar to this process?
a.
Healthy People 2010
b.
Deontology
c.
The nursing process
d.
Advocacy
ANS: C
The steps of the ethical decision-making framework are to first identify the ethical issues
and dilemmas, then place them within a meaningful context, obtain all relevant facts,
reformulate ethical issues and dilemmas if needed, consider appropriate approaches to
actions or options, make decisions and take action, and evaluate decisions and action.
, The nursing process involves the same basic steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning,
implementation, and evaluation. Healthy People 2010, deontology, and advocacy do not
involve these multiple steps described by the ethical decision-making framework and
the nursing process.
Which ethical principle requires "doing no harm?"
a.
Respect for autonomy
b.
Non-maleficence
c.
Beneficence
d.
Distributive justice
ANS: B
Non-maleficence refers to doing no harm. Respect for autonomy requires that
individuals be permitted to choose those actions and goals that fulfill their life plans
unless those choices result in harm to another. Beneficence requires that we do good.
Distributive justice requires that there be a fair distribution of the benefits and burdens in
society based on the needs and contributions of its members.
A nurse is applying the ethical principle of non-maleficence. Which of the following
describes the action that the nurse is taking?
a.
Administering medications using the "five rights"
b.
Allowing clients to be active participants in their care
c.
Providing patient privacy when delivering care
d.
Referring a client to a physical therapist
ANS: A
Non-maleficence requires that one do no harm. It requires that health care professionals
act according to the standards of due care, always seeking to produce the least amount
of harm possible. Providing privacy when delivering care demonstrates the client's right
to privacy. Allowing clients to be active participants in their care refers to the ethical
principle of the right to autonomy. Referring a client to a physical therapist demonstrates
the nursing role of referral agent.
A nurse is applying the principle of distributive justice. Which of the following describes
the benefits that will occur through application of this principle?
a.
Basic needs, material and social goods, liberties, rights, and entitlements
b.
Taxes, military service, location of incinerators or power plants
c.
Entitlement to equal rights and equal treatment
d.
The right to private property and personal assets
