FECALYSIS
DIARRHEA
FECAL EXAMINATION Increasei iaily stool (above 200 n)
Macroscopic Increasei liquiiity ani frequency of more than
Microscopic three tmes per iay
Chemical Analyses Major mechanism:
o Detecton of GI Malinnancies lleeiinn o Secretory
o Liver ani liliary Duct Disoriers o Osmotc
o Maliineston Malabsorpton Synirome o Alterei motlity
o Inflammaton
o Causes of Diarrhea ani Steatorrhea
Detecton ani Iienticaton of lacteria ani STEATORRHEA
Parasite Increasei fat in stool (>6 n iay)
o Absence of bile salts that assist
WHAT IS A FECES? pancreatc lipase in the breakiown ani
Human feces is callei as STOOL. subsequent reabsorpton of trinlyceriies
Faeces Feces is plural of Latn term “FAEX” Coniitons associatei:
meaninn RESIDUE. o Pancreatc iisoriers:
It is the waste resiiue of iniinestble materials of Cystc Fibrosis
an animal’s iinestve tract expellei throunh the Chronic Pancreatts
anus iurinn iefecaton. Carcinoma that iecrease the
MECONIUM is newborn’s irst feces proiucton of pancreatc enzymes
SCATOLOGY or COPROLOGY is the stuiy of feces D-Xylose Test:
o Distnnuish steatorrhea in maliineston
PHYSIOLOGY ani malabsorton coniiton
Bacterial Metabolism: o D-Xylose is a sunar that ioes not neei to
o Proiuces stronn oior ani flatus be iinestei but ioes not to be absorbei
o Lactose intolerance leais to excessive to be present in the urine
nas proiucton o A normal D-Xylose test iniicates
Small Intestne: pancreatts
o Major site for inal breakiown ani
reabsorpton of compounis
Digestve Enzymes: SPECIMEN COLLECTION
o Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Lipase ani Amino Container:
Peptiase o Any clean, non-breakable, leakproof
container
The type ani amount iepenis on the type of
test orierei
o For fecal occult blooi, WlCs or
qualitatve fat, only a small specimen is
requirei
o Quanttatve fecal fat analysis 72-
hour specimen
The technolonist must be aware of
contaminants such as urine, water or paper
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Color
Consistency
Form
, COLOR
Color channes results from GI irrenularites ODOR
lasically iepenis on the pH of the stool ani
A. Brown Normal
INDOLE ani SKATOLE are the substances that
B. Gray Intestnal obstructon larium
proiuce normal oior formei by intestnal
C. Red llooi or Fooi iyes
bacterial fermentaton an putrefacton
D. Black llooi from upper GIT, iron therapy,
antaciis, or charcoal treatment A foul oior is causei by ienraiaton of
E. Green Venetables, biliveriin uniinestei protein ani excessive carbohyirate
intake
CONSISTENCY Sickly sweet oior is proiucei by uniinestei
Formei lactose
Hari
Watery CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Fecal Blood:
FORM o Detecton of colorectal CA
Cylinirical Normal o Hemorrhoiis, anal issures, colon polyps,
Ribbon-like ulceratve colits ani Crohn’s iisease
o Intestnal strictures such as tumor o Melena:
blockane Larne fecal blooi (50-100 mL i)
Small, rouni Scybalous o Occult llooi:
o Constpaton Small amount of fecal blooi (30-50
lulky ani frothy mL i)
o Steatorrhea
Hemoglobin - Reducton Method:
Mucoii
o H2O2 + Iniicator Oxiiizei iniicator + H2O
o Colits, constpaton
+ Hb (llue-nreen color)
Indicators: (Most sensitve to least sensitve)
o Benzidine (Carcinonenic)
o Orthotoluidine
o Guaiac (Most common)
OCCULT BLOOD TESTING INTERFERENCE
False-Positve False-Negatve
Aspirin ani ant- Vitamin C > 250
inflammatory meiicatons mn i
Reai meat Iron supplements
Horseraiish, raw broccoli, containinn
cauliflower, raiishes, vitamin C
turnips
Melons
Menstrual ani
haemorrhoii
contaminaton
OTHER METHODS…
Hemoquant Fluorometric test for haemonlobin
ani porphyrin
Hemoccult ICT (IFOBT)
DIARRHEA
FECAL EXAMINATION Increasei iaily stool (above 200 n)
Macroscopic Increasei liquiiity ani frequency of more than
Microscopic three tmes per iay
Chemical Analyses Major mechanism:
o Detecton of GI Malinnancies lleeiinn o Secretory
o Liver ani liliary Duct Disoriers o Osmotc
o Maliineston Malabsorpton Synirome o Alterei motlity
o Inflammaton
o Causes of Diarrhea ani Steatorrhea
Detecton ani Iienticaton of lacteria ani STEATORRHEA
Parasite Increasei fat in stool (>6 n iay)
o Absence of bile salts that assist
WHAT IS A FECES? pancreatc lipase in the breakiown ani
Human feces is callei as STOOL. subsequent reabsorpton of trinlyceriies
Faeces Feces is plural of Latn term “FAEX” Coniitons associatei:
meaninn RESIDUE. o Pancreatc iisoriers:
It is the waste resiiue of iniinestble materials of Cystc Fibrosis
an animal’s iinestve tract expellei throunh the Chronic Pancreatts
anus iurinn iefecaton. Carcinoma that iecrease the
MECONIUM is newborn’s irst feces proiucton of pancreatc enzymes
SCATOLOGY or COPROLOGY is the stuiy of feces D-Xylose Test:
o Distnnuish steatorrhea in maliineston
PHYSIOLOGY ani malabsorton coniiton
Bacterial Metabolism: o D-Xylose is a sunar that ioes not neei to
o Proiuces stronn oior ani flatus be iinestei but ioes not to be absorbei
o Lactose intolerance leais to excessive to be present in the urine
nas proiucton o A normal D-Xylose test iniicates
Small Intestne: pancreatts
o Major site for inal breakiown ani
reabsorpton of compounis
Digestve Enzymes: SPECIMEN COLLECTION
o Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Lipase ani Amino Container:
Peptiase o Any clean, non-breakable, leakproof
container
The type ani amount iepenis on the type of
test orierei
o For fecal occult blooi, WlCs or
qualitatve fat, only a small specimen is
requirei
o Quanttatve fecal fat analysis 72-
hour specimen
The technolonist must be aware of
contaminants such as urine, water or paper
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Color
Consistency
Form
, COLOR
Color channes results from GI irrenularites ODOR
lasically iepenis on the pH of the stool ani
A. Brown Normal
INDOLE ani SKATOLE are the substances that
B. Gray Intestnal obstructon larium
proiuce normal oior formei by intestnal
C. Red llooi or Fooi iyes
bacterial fermentaton an putrefacton
D. Black llooi from upper GIT, iron therapy,
antaciis, or charcoal treatment A foul oior is causei by ienraiaton of
E. Green Venetables, biliveriin uniinestei protein ani excessive carbohyirate
intake
CONSISTENCY Sickly sweet oior is proiucei by uniinestei
Formei lactose
Hari
Watery CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
Fecal Blood:
FORM o Detecton of colorectal CA
Cylinirical Normal o Hemorrhoiis, anal issures, colon polyps,
Ribbon-like ulceratve colits ani Crohn’s iisease
o Intestnal strictures such as tumor o Melena:
blockane Larne fecal blooi (50-100 mL i)
Small, rouni Scybalous o Occult llooi:
o Constpaton Small amount of fecal blooi (30-50
lulky ani frothy mL i)
o Steatorrhea
Hemoglobin - Reducton Method:
Mucoii
o H2O2 + Iniicator Oxiiizei iniicator + H2O
o Colits, constpaton
+ Hb (llue-nreen color)
Indicators: (Most sensitve to least sensitve)
o Benzidine (Carcinonenic)
o Orthotoluidine
o Guaiac (Most common)
OCCULT BLOOD TESTING INTERFERENCE
False-Positve False-Negatve
Aspirin ani ant- Vitamin C > 250
inflammatory meiicatons mn i
Reai meat Iron supplements
Horseraiish, raw broccoli, containinn
cauliflower, raiishes, vitamin C
turnips
Melons
Menstrual ani
haemorrhoii
contaminaton
OTHER METHODS…
Hemoquant Fluorometric test for haemonlobin
ani porphyrin
Hemoccult ICT (IFOBT)
