TOPIC 3 – WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY 1939?
, SUMMER 2021
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_11.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_11.pdf Topic 3 Why had
international peace collapsed by 1939?)
6 Hitler’s foreign policy dominated Europe in the 1930s.
(a) Describe the main aims of Hitler’s foreign policy. [4]
(b) Why was the remilitarization
(c) of the Rhineland important to Hitler? [6]
(d) How surprising was the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
SURPRISING – • Hitler hated communism
HITLER HATED • His foreign policy → contained “destroy communism”
COMMUNISM • He gained power because of the fear of communism → the great depression caused an influx of support for
Communists (and Nazis). Industrialists and businessmen were afraid of communists and the Nazis took
advantage of this – businessmen began supporting the Nazis as they claimed they would destroy Communism.
• He even claimed the Reichstag Fire was a communist plot, and 4000 communists were arrested during the
following days
• Also used the Spanish Civil war as an opportunity to fight against communism in 1936-39 as he supported
General Franco (nationalist) alongside Italy
SURPRISING – • Stalin hated fascism
STALIN HATED • Enemies of the state were called fascist
FASCISM • Stalin sided with the republicans during the Spanish Civil War against the fascists (Franco, Mussolini, Hitler)
• Fascist regime ideologically opposed the Soviet Union → Fascism: can own private property, believed that
the nation was the most important and everyone must contribute to making the country greater. They also
had over-exaggerated Gender roles (e.g. women had to be trained to be mothers In Germany) Communism:
No private property, the people are most important and everyone is equally as important each other, gender
equality.
UNSURPRISING • Stalin signed a treaty with France in 1935
– STALIN DID • Treaty: France would help the USSR if Germany invaded the Soviet Union
NOT TRUST THE • Stalin started to lose trust when the French did nothing when the Rhineland was remilitarized in 1936, an
ALLIES area by their border.
• Surprising because the French were obsessed with their security
, • Stalin lost even more trust because of the Munich Conference in 1938 – the Allied powers gave the
Sudetenland to Germany without the presence of Czechoslovakia or the USSR.
UNSURPRISING • Hitler wanted to invade Poland to destroy T.O.V (Polish Corridor → given to Poland + Danzig became an
– MADE IT independent state and had many Germany speakers) and to acquire lebensraum (extra living space)
EASIER FOR • He didn’t think that the Allies would do anything, but he was afraid that the USSR would.
HITLER TO • Signing the Treaty meant Germany didn’t have to fight a war on two fronts.
INVADE • USSR and Germany secretly divided Poland between themselves + Russia gained the Baltic States
• With the guarantee, the Germans had the Russians on their side and it would be an easy win. (theoretically)
0470_s21_qp_12 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 2
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_12.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_12.pdf Topic 3 Why had
international peace collapsed by 1939?
6 Germany grew in strength during the 1930s.
(a) Describe what happened in the Saar in 1935. [4]
(b) Why was Anschluss important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
YES - • Surprising because the Allied powers had been letting him get away with things for 3 years
APPEASEMENT • Rhineland 1936 → remilitarized (broke T.O.V)
• Anschluss 1938 → reunited Austria (broke T.O.V, +1 foreign policy):
➢ In 1934 Hitler tried Anschluss but was stopped by Mussolini. Now that the Rome-Berlin axis was
formed during the Spanish Civil War, the Germans were on good terms with the Italians and now had
no one in their way (since the Allies wouldn’t stop them)
• They had been allowing Hitler to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles constantly
YES – MUNICH • Munich Conference 1938
CONFERENCE • At first, Chamberlain + Hitler met in Bavaria and Hitler demanded SOME parts of the Sudetenland
• However, he changed his demands to ALL of Sudetenland
• 29th September 1938 → Munich Conference held w/ Germany, Italy, Britain, and France. The USSR and
Czechoslovakia were NOT present.
• Munich Conference → agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland and the borders of the rest of
Czechoslovakia would be guaranteed.
• The agreement was presented to the Czech government, and they had no choice but to sign.
• Seemed like the Allies would give Germany anything
, SUMMER 2021
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_11.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_11.pdf Topic 3 Why had
international peace collapsed by 1939?)
6 Hitler’s foreign policy dominated Europe in the 1930s.
(a) Describe the main aims of Hitler’s foreign policy. [4]
(b) Why was the remilitarization
(c) of the Rhineland important to Hitler? [6]
(d) How surprising was the signing of the Nazi-Soviet Pact? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
SURPRISING – • Hitler hated communism
HITLER HATED • His foreign policy → contained “destroy communism”
COMMUNISM • He gained power because of the fear of communism → the great depression caused an influx of support for
Communists (and Nazis). Industrialists and businessmen were afraid of communists and the Nazis took
advantage of this – businessmen began supporting the Nazis as they claimed they would destroy Communism.
• He even claimed the Reichstag Fire was a communist plot, and 4000 communists were arrested during the
following days
• Also used the Spanish Civil war as an opportunity to fight against communism in 1936-39 as he supported
General Franco (nationalist) alongside Italy
SURPRISING – • Stalin hated fascism
STALIN HATED • Enemies of the state were called fascist
FASCISM • Stalin sided with the republicans during the Spanish Civil War against the fascists (Franco, Mussolini, Hitler)
• Fascist regime ideologically opposed the Soviet Union → Fascism: can own private property, believed that
the nation was the most important and everyone must contribute to making the country greater. They also
had over-exaggerated Gender roles (e.g. women had to be trained to be mothers In Germany) Communism:
No private property, the people are most important and everyone is equally as important each other, gender
equality.
UNSURPRISING • Stalin signed a treaty with France in 1935
– STALIN DID • Treaty: France would help the USSR if Germany invaded the Soviet Union
NOT TRUST THE • Stalin started to lose trust when the French did nothing when the Rhineland was remilitarized in 1936, an
ALLIES area by their border.
• Surprising because the French were obsessed with their security
, • Stalin lost even more trust because of the Munich Conference in 1938 – the Allied powers gave the
Sudetenland to Germany without the presence of Czechoslovakia or the USSR.
UNSURPRISING • Hitler wanted to invade Poland to destroy T.O.V (Polish Corridor → given to Poland + Danzig became an
– MADE IT independent state and had many Germany speakers) and to acquire lebensraum (extra living space)
EASIER FOR • He didn’t think that the Allies would do anything, but he was afraid that the USSR would.
HITLER TO • Signing the Treaty meant Germany didn’t have to fight a war on two fronts.
INVADE • USSR and Germany secretly divided Poland between themselves + Russia gained the Baltic States
• With the guarantee, the Germans had the Russians on their side and it would be an easy win. (theoretically)
0470_s21_qp_12 2021 SUMMER Paper 1 Variant 2
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_qp_12.pdf
https://papers.gceguide.com/Cambridge%20IGCSE/History%20(0470)/2021/0470_s21_ms_12.pdf Topic 3 Why had
international peace collapsed by 1939?
6 Germany grew in strength during the 1930s.
(a) Describe what happened in the Saar in 1935. [4]
(b) Why was Anschluss important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939? Explain your answer. [10]
P E/E/L
YES - • Surprising because the Allied powers had been letting him get away with things for 3 years
APPEASEMENT • Rhineland 1936 → remilitarized (broke T.O.V)
• Anschluss 1938 → reunited Austria (broke T.O.V, +1 foreign policy):
➢ In 1934 Hitler tried Anschluss but was stopped by Mussolini. Now that the Rome-Berlin axis was
formed during the Spanish Civil War, the Germans were on good terms with the Italians and now had
no one in their way (since the Allies wouldn’t stop them)
• They had been allowing Hitler to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles constantly
YES – MUNICH • Munich Conference 1938
CONFERENCE • At first, Chamberlain + Hitler met in Bavaria and Hitler demanded SOME parts of the Sudetenland
• However, he changed his demands to ALL of Sudetenland
• 29th September 1938 → Munich Conference held w/ Germany, Italy, Britain, and France. The USSR and
Czechoslovakia were NOT present.
• Munich Conference → agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland and the borders of the rest of
Czechoslovakia would be guaranteed.
• The agreement was presented to the Czech government, and they had no choice but to sign.
• Seemed like the Allies would give Germany anything
