A - Level Geography (Human) Migration LATEST EDITION 2024 GUARANTEEED GRADE A+

Migration Movement of people from one place to another Why does migration occur? -Better Healthcare -Flee violence or war -Famines -Better Education -Climate Change related problems e.g. drought and flooding. -Better Quality of Life -Better Services (healthcare) -Better Jobs (economic migrant) -Family Reunification -Retirement -Housing -Better Farmland -Extreme weather (natural hazards) -Poverty Top 5 Immigrant Host Countries 1. USA (48 million - 12 million Mexican) 2. Germany (14 million) 3. Russia (11 million) 4. Saudi Arabia (10 million) 5. UK (8.5 million) Reasons There has been significant growth in the numbers of people migrating across international boarders in the 21st century. There are estimated 1 billion migrants in the world today, of whom 258 million are international migrants and 763 million are internal migrants. The reasons for this growth are diverse but are generally linked to globalisation. Net Migration The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants for a country. UK net migration = +205, 000 South to South Migration The movement of people from poorer Southern countries to slightly, or somewhat, better-off Southern countries. This rate has increased as there are few LIC to HIC boarders. Moreover, the journey to another country may be to access a HIC e.g. moving to Mexico from Honduras to access the USA. This improves their quality of life. Key Terms... Assimilation The process where an immigrant group participates fully in the host society and loses all traces of its unique culture. Xenophobia An irrational fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers Remittances Transfers of money/goods by foreign workers to their home countries. Money sent home by migrants competes with international aid as one of the largest financial inflows to developing countries. This totalled $582 billion in 2015. Intra-regional migration Migration that occurs within one region, e.g. the movement of people within the EU. Refugee A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, race, religion, political reasons or natural disaster. Asylum Seeker An individual who is seeking permanent settlement in another country by claiming refugee status, but whose status is not yet determined. Segregation The separation of sub-groups within a community. Normally used to describe how ethnic minority groups are found clustered in certain discrete, often urban areas. Intergration The way in which an immigrant group participates more widely in the host society while maintaining aspects of its cultural identity. Chain Migration The process by which migration movements from one area are encouraged to travel to a foreign country by information flows from those who have already made the journey and are supported or sponsored in doing so. Immigration The process by which a migrant enters a foreign country for the purpose of permanent settlement. Intervening Obstacles Any forces or factors that may limit human migration e.g. the cost of transportation, the need for passports and language barriers. Emigration The process by which a migrant leaves a country for the purpose of permanently settling in another country. Forced Migration Often a result of conflict or a change in governance, this movement is when people are forced to leave an area. South - South Migration The movement of people from developing countries to developing countries. Inter-regional Migration The movement of people between regions e.g. African migrants to Europe. Brain Drain Emigration of trained and talented individuals from their country of origin to another country resulting in a depletion of skills resources in the former. Migration The movement of people is usually associated with economic reasons, although can be for other reasons such as religion, or to alleviate high population densities. Trafficking The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of the abuse of power or a position of vulnerability. Origin of UK Immigrants (millions) 0.76 - India 0.66 - Poland 0.48 - Pakistan 0.41 - Ireland 0.31 - Germany 0.24 - Bangladesh 0.22 - USA Destination of UK Emigrants (millions) 1.28 - Australia 0.76 - USA 0.67 - Canada 0.36 - Spain 0.31 - New Zealand 0.31 - South Africa 0.25 - Ireland Why do people come to the UK? - Better jobs and services - Better healthcare - Better living conditions (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) - Common Language (Ireland and USA) -Member states of the EU (Germany and Poland) -Job Vacancies (e.g. NHS) -Students -Counter aging population. -Ex colonies (Former commonwealth) migration was encouraged in the 50s and 60s for reconstruction. Migration Trends Migration has increased from 2,000,000 women in 1993 to 4,000,000 in 2013 and men from 4,000,000 to 8,000,000. These numbers have increased by 100% with double the number of men compared to women. The statistics are at their highest points, despite the low anomalies in 2010. 2013 is the highest number of migrants compared to the last 20 years. Lee's Migration Model Model based on Lee's migration theory, that people migrate due to push and/or pull factors, and intervening obstacles are factored. It explains the factors of migration in terms of positive and negative characteristics of both origin and designation places. Migrants expect to receive some added advantage in moving from one place to another. This can be influenced by intervening opportunities for migrants whose movements to the final destination may be slowed down or stopped by these e.g. distance and social/economic factors. Potential movements are influenced by positive alternate destinations influenced by intervening objects. Intervening Objects Literacy Military Service Misinformation Family Pressures Travel Costs Political Differences Lack of Capital Bureaucracy Religion National Policy Language Immediate Job Opportunities May prevent migration from taking place or reduce the numbers moving. Push Factors Negative factors which operate in the migrants current location. Pull Factors The perceived advantages of a potential destination which attracts migrants. Inter-Regional Migration North Africa - Europe Push - war - poverty - lack of human rights - persecution Pull -better jobs -better healthcare -better services -family Magreb The region of northwest Africa comprising the Atlas Mountains and the coastlands of Morocco and Algeria and Tunisia as well as Libya. The immigrants leaving from Libya, not the closest country as it is 100 km to Lampedusa and 200 km to Italy as opposed to the 18 mile gap between Italy and Morocco. However there is no border security or policing of human trafficking. The lack of government in Libya allows this to happen, attracting more migrants from sub saharan Africa. Fact - Immigration to the Canary Islands Immigrants travelling to the Canary Islands in 2014, 30000 made it safely and 6000 died. In Senegal, 0.5 billion ($) is sent home from migrants (3% of GDP) Fontex An organisation funded by the EU which patrols the northwest coast of Africa. It stops suspicious vessels before they get into European waters, by alerting governments and regional life guards. Reasons for Migration 1. Neoclassical - this states that the most significant push and pull factors are wage differences. Therefore for Migration tends to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. 2. Dual Labour Market - this states that migration is mainly caused by pull factors in more developed countries. migrant workers are needed to fill the lowest value jobs because the native population does not wish to do this work. 3. The New Economics of Labour Migration states that migration flows and patterns cannot be explained solely at the level of individual workers and the push and pull factors that incentivise migration. For example an impoverished household or wider social group can improve its condition through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labour abroad 4. Relative Deprivation Theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours in the source community is an important Factor in migration. Successful migrants may use their new affluence to provide better schooling for their children and better home for their families. Successful high-skilled immigrants may serve as an example for neighbours and potential migrants you hope to achieve that level of success 5. World Systems Theory - looks at migration from a global perspective. Trade with one country, which causes economic decline in another, may create incentives to migrate to a country with a more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonisation the economic dependence of the former colony still remains on mother countries, encouraging migration along traditional roots. however, some disagree, arguing that free trade to reduce migration by relocating production from high wage economies to lower wage economies. Migration Routes In 2004 the European Union setup Frontex, which is a body that coordinates the work of member states to secure the common borders of the European Union. It identified the four main migration routes into Southern Europe which are: West Africa, Western Mediterranean, Central Mediterranean and the Eastern Mediterranean. From 2008 to 2012 large numbers of migrants cross between Turkey and Greece via the Eastern Mediterranean route. In response Greece bolstered border controls with an additional 1800 police officers. However, Frontex suggested that the area remains problematic and points to and uncertainties related to the sustainability of Greek efforts due to the economic crisis in the country. Earlier in the decade, the most popular route was from west Africa to Spain, including is North African territories of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands, with some 32000 irregular arrivals in 2006. This figure had dwindled to just 5443 by 2011. It is the central Mediterranean route that has experienced a recent surge in Western traffic. The 2011 conflict in Libya has left Libya unstable and weak law enforcement. People Smugglers thrive in such conditions. UNHCR have estimated that 61000 irregular migrants had used this route in 2011 alone. However the campaigning organisation Human Rights Watch argues that these figures do not include an estimated 20,000 attempting to migrate Southern Europe since 1998. Timeline of Political Instability in Africa and the Middle East. 1991 - Somalia Civil War 1998- Eritrean- Etheopian War 2003- United States- organised coalition invaded Iraq 2008-9 -First Gaza war between Hamas and Isreal 2010- Tunisian Revolution 2011- Egyptian Tevolution, First Libyan civil war, Syrian civil war begins, Yemeni Crisis begins. 2012- Federal Gocernment of Somalia established. 2013- Second Egyptian Revolution and South Sudanese Civil War. 2014- Second Libyan Civil War and the Second Gaza war. It is clear that the ethnic combat religious and political conflicts provide significant push factors for Migration in Southern Europe. however, economic factors also play a significant role. In 2014 Eritreans were reportedly the most numerous of those attempting the risky crossing from North Africa to Europe by boat. According to the UNHCR nearly 37000 Eretreans applied for asylum in 38 European countries over the first 10 months of last year compared with about 13000 in the same period in 2013. That puts the total Eritrean refugee population at more than 321000. The country profile below sets out some of the push factors that explain the decision to migrate. Push Factors The UN refugee agency reported that war in the middle east Africa and everywhere else had uprooted an estimated 5.5 million people during the first six months of 2014, signalling a further rise in the number of people forcibly displaced. UNHCR Media trends 2014 report shows that of the 5.5 million annually displaced, 1.4 million across international borders becoming refugees, while the rest were displaced within their own countries. Within this global picture of instability in refugee movements, certain regions are of particular importance for the migration from the Middle East and Africa across the Mediterranean to Southern Europe. Many thousands of migrants arrive every year in Europe from sub-saharan Africa notably Eritrea and Somalia. they are fleeing economic chaos, war and human right abuses. More recently the numbers have swollen by people escaping conflict and civil breakdown in Libya and Syria. More than 120000 Syrians have arrived in Europe since 2011. This is a small proportion of the estimated 3 million Syrians with fled abroad , mostly to neighbouring Jordan and Turkey. Conflict between Israel and the Palestinian national authority together with the political upheaval in Tunisia and Egypt also displacing significant numbers of people. Eretria Politics The government had been accused of repression and hindering the development of democracy. Human Rights The UN had been investigating human rights in Eritrea but its special rapporteur had been denied entry. She said in 2014 that a refugee exodus was being filled by alleged abuses including extrajudicial executions and torture and forced military conscription that can last decades. Economy Eretria is said to be on the brink of a mining boom. It is a gold producer. currently, it is heavily dependent on remittances. An estimated 80% work in agriculture. Food Security The World Bank says that by virtue of its location in the Sahel, Eritrea suffers periodic droughts and chronic food shortages which hamper development efforts. Agencies warned that millions in the horn of Africa were being affected by famine in 2011, Eritrea was denying a crisis. Media In recent years Eritrea has become one of the world's most secretive countries. it doesn't have any privately owned indigenous media, and sits alongside North Korea in the Global Media Freedom rankings. International Eritrea and Ethiopia remain in dispute after their 1998 to 2014 war, in 2009 the UN impose sanctions on Eritrea after accusing it of backing anti-Etheopian Islamist insurgents in Somalia. Intervening Obstacles Natural Barriers like the Mediterranean sea and the Balkan mountains provide dangerous intervening obstacles. EU member states and FRONTEX are placing further obstacles in the way of migrants, such as by disrupting the people smuggling networks. Pull Factors There are clear differences in the quality of life and wealth which links to the neoclassical economic theory. Successful migrants can clearly hope to gain better employment opportunities or an improved financial position. Moreover there are large established migrant community diasporas from the source countries in the Host countries that significant remittances home. according to a World Bank study in 2010 Ethiopia received $387 million in remittances. The same study showed Sudan receive remittances equal to 6% of its GDP in the same year. This fits with the Relative Deprivation Theory argument that awareness of the income difference between neighbours in a source community that benefit from remittances is an important factor in migration. Comparison (Host Countries) 2014 GNP per Capita ($) Germany = 49721 UK= 43837 Italy = 35823 Greece = 21653 Libya = 6623 Egypt = 3303 Sudan = 1979 Eritrea = 590 HDI Germany = 0.911 UK = 0.892 Italy = 0.872 Greece = 0.853 Libya = 0.784 Egypt = 0.682 Sudan = 0.473 Eritrea = 0.381 Source Coutries Germany = Libya UK = Egypt Italy = Sudan Greece= Eritrea Eritrea (1) vs UK (2) GDP 1. $ 504.30 ( ranked 169th) 2. $38514.14 (ranked 18th) UK = 76x more Population below poverty line 1. 50% (6th) 2. 14% (18th) Eritrea = 4x more than UK Fear of crime 1. 1st 2. 47th Eretria 18% more than UK Life Expectancy 1.60 Male, 64 female 2. 78 Male, 83 female 28% longer life expectancy in the UK (29% female). Minimum Wage 1. $33 (public sector). 2. $1800 based on average weekly hours. 55% higher in the UK Notes for 16 mark Question: Inter-Regional migration creates more problems than challenges - discuss. Reasons for migration: Arab Spring 2011 - Political uprisings in North Africa. Peaceful protests were being shot at by soldiers for wanting a better quality of life. Began with the Jasmine revolution in 2010 where a vendor set himself on fire in a market. This started civil wars in Libya, Syria and Yemen. Libya revolted over the violence, no resources and lack of food and healthcare. Syria caused many people to seek refuge due to civil war. ISIS operated in Syria and executed thousands. This was oppressive and hated by the people. Yemen's infrastructure had been badly damaged and the conflict had devolved into tribal warfare. Lack of government structure in Libya. left north Africa by boat. left due to conflict between racial groups and militaries wanting power after elections. Also there were life threatening dangers, difficult economic conditions and widespread exploration and abuse. People fled the military conscription in Eritrea and in Nigeria, unemployment and the IS and clashes between herders and farmers People need jobs and want to escape economic hardship and poverty. Egyptian Revolution - 2011 January 846 killed and 6000 injured. Focuasd on legal and political issues: police brutality, emergency laws, lack of freedom, civil liberties, lack of speech, corruption, unemployment, food prices and low wages. Clash of youth groups with government officials. Somalia Somalis die of disease, starvation and civil war. 2000 - Cholera due to unsanitary water which kills hundreds. 2004 - Tsunami waves kill 300 and displace thousands. 2005- Violence and food aid programs are suspended. 2006 - Warring militias kill hundreds causing Somalis to escape drought, famine and fighting. 2007 - 1 million Somali refugees. 2008 - 3.5 million Somalis suffer from war and famine. Eretria -Conscription for military service -3% of the country have fled. -Eritreans form the 3rd largest national group (behind Syrians and Afghans) of migrants who crossed the Mediterranean. 5000 Eritreans leave every month. -Fear arrest -No constitution or radical system. -In 2007, Eretria had a GDP of -10. -Meagre Salary. -Totalitarian State. Opportunities and Challenges Driven by Climate change and conflict, the pay difference and job opportunities. Better healthcare, education and services. By 2050, sub saharan Africa will have 800 million new work force CONTINUED...