LATEST 2024 ISA- Arborist VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% PASS

abiotic - ANSWER pertaining to the nonliving parts of an ecosystem, such as soil particles, bedrock, air, water. abscisic acid (ABA) - ANSWER a plant hormone that stimulates stomatal closure and promotes seed and bud dormancy. abscission zone - ANSWER a wall of cells at the base of a petiole, that allows the leaf to separate from the stem. - two functions: leaf drop and to protect the region of the stem against desiccation acceptable risk - ANSWER the amount of risk that an owner is willing to accept before tree failure. acidic soil - ANSWER having a pH less than 7.0, in contrast with alkaline which has a pH that is higher than 7.0. actinomycetes - ANSWER microorganisms that have some characteristics of fungi and bacteria. Soil actinomycetes are very tolerant of water stress and contribute through their actions to that "good earth" aroma after a rain. action threshold - ANSWER the point at which a pest requires the implementation of a management tactic or control. acute crotches - ANSWER stronger and wider than a co-dominant crotch, they are not likely to be a branch that will fail in high winds and are considered desirable. adaptive growth - ANSWER an increase in wood production in localized areas on a tree, in response to a decrease in wood strength or external loading to maintain an even distribution of forces across the structure. adsorption - ANSWER adhesion on contact of molecules to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact. adventitious/epicormic growth - ANSWER new growth arising directly from dormant or new buds on main branches, stems, or trunks often in response to moisture and light that has no connection to apical meristems. - ANSWER adventitious root: - ANSWER a root arising from parts of the root or the stem, often in response to moisture and darkness that has no connection to apical meristems. aerial roots: - ANSWER roots that grow from stems toward the soil with the capacity to become prop roots when they anchor in the soil. aerobic microorganisms - ANSWER these microbes require free, gaseous oxygen for growth. aggregate: - ANSWER soil such as sand, silt, or clay, a cluster of soil particles and organic matter, bonded together by exudates from microorganisms. It is often used under paved surfaces, as backfill. agroforestry or agro-sylviculture: - ANSWER is a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. ait terrminal - ANSWER the uppermost point of a lightning protection system in a tree. It is usually made of copper. alkaline soil - ANSWER having a pH greater than 7.0, in contrast with acidic soil which has a pH lower than 7.0. alkaloids - ANSWER substances that are produced by trees and contain nitrogen and are used by humans for medicines. allelopathy - ANSWER the production of substances by one tree that adversely affect other trees nearby. Root exudates from some trees can kill or stall growth of many soil organisms. amy;lase - ANSWER an enzyme that can change the starch chains back to glucose molecules. anerobic microorganism - ANSWER these microbes live in the absence of free oxygen. anon-eye nut - ANSWER drop-forged eye nut is used to fasten through-hardware anchor(s), used when cabling trees. Advantage is the length of the rod can be adjusted. angiosperms - ANSWER hardwood trees that have covered seeds such as oaks and maples. The seed is born within an ovary. anions - ANSWER negatively charged atoms or molecules in fertilizer that become available to the plant in water. anther - ANSWER the pollen producing part of a flower. anthocyanin - ANSWER a chemical that gives the red pigments to leaves and other plant organs. apical meristem - ANSWER meristems that increase the length of stems and roots, and produce flowers. apoplast (apoplasm) - ANSWER the framework of non-living cells and cell walls in wood and bark. The apoplast stores bound water, which does not flow. arboriculture - ANSWER the art, science, technology, and business of commercial, public, and utility tree care. Arboriculture focus is on the tree while the focus of forestry is on all trees. arborist - ANSWER an individual engaged in the profession of arboriculture who, through experience, education, and training, possesses the competence to perform the management of trees and other woody plants. arbuscular mycorrhizae: - ANSWER commonly called endomycorrhizae infects the internal tree root cells and are most common in deciduous forests. armillaria root disease: - ANSWER cause death to trees under all types of stress by reducing absorption and translocation of water and minerals from the soil to the tree. arthropods: - ANSWER microscopic insects and mites that are vital in processing soil organic matter and mineralizing detritus. ascender: - ANSWER attached to the rope, this piece of equipment will grip in one direction (down) and slide in the other (up) allowing the climber to ascend up the rope in contrast with descender. axial parenchyma - ANSWER cells that run in a vertical direction on the trunk. axil - ANSWER the point of attachment of a leaf petiole to a stem. back cut - ANSWER a cut made on a tree trunk or branch, opposite from the notch, face cut, or undercut.