lOMoARcPSD|29700879
PORTH’S ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
FOR MODULE 1 TO MODULE 1
Final Exam Key Concepts: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Module 1
• Low potassium (Hypokalemia) – Monitor heart.
o Cardiac arrhythmias
o Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, parasthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and
irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased
bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest.
• Catecholamines – Flight or fight response
o Epinephrine
o norepinephrine
o Adrenaline
o Increases HR, increases BP
o tachycardia, increased BP, increases HR, catacholimines, cortisol, epinipherine,
adrenaline, pupil dilation
• Function of Albumin – decrease albumin – ascites
o Albumin- plasma protein, likes water. Takes water with it
o Swelling, no albumin in the blood. proteinuria
o Will have ascites (abdominal swelling)- generalized fluid accumulation in the wrong
places. Generalized swelling. Third spacing.
• Function of Aldosterone
o Sodium and water retention
o Helps to maintain BP
• Different fluid compartments
o Intracellular- fluid inside cells
o Extracellular- fluid outside cells
o Intravascular- inside blood vessels
o Interstitial- between cells
o Transcellular- third spacing
• Causes of edema – increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
o Excess fluid in the interstitial space. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure,
decrease in plasma protein.
• Sign and symptom
o Symptom- something the patient experiences
o Sign- something you see
• Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples
o Immune complex reaction
o Excessive immune body produces auto antibody immune response of the body
o Ex: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, erythematosus, rheumatic fever
• Cause of contact dermatitis
o Contact with allergens
, lOMoARcPSD|29700879
▪ Irritant contact dermatitis- chemicals, acids, rubber gloves, soaps. Does not
involve immune, just triggers inflammatory response
▪ Allergic contact dermatitis- contact with metals, chemicals, adhesive, poison ivy.
Sensitization occurs, and then subsequent exposure produces manifestations
• Levels of prevention
o Primary- take vaccines
o Secondary- screening to diagnosis
o Tertiary- restores function. Focuses on people already affected by disease
• Hyponatremia – Fatal to brain
o Decreased sodium.
• Metastatic cancer cells
o Spread to the proximal and then distal sites. Ignore signals for apoptosis.
• *Function of mitochondria and ribosomes
o Energy Powerhouse of the cell
o Contains own dna and ribosomes
o Ribosomes- production of proteins
• Electrylytes- calcium stored in the bones
• Intracellular and extracellular ions-
o Intracellular-
o Extracellular-
Module 2
• *Colonoscopy screening after 50 years
o takes 10 years to turn into cancer
o colonoscopy every 10 years
o sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
o fetal occult blood- every year
• *Primary function of bone marrow.
o Produces RBCs, WBCs and platelets
• *Assessment findings with localized inflammation
o redness, warmth, heat, swelling
• *Leukocytosis means --------
o increase WBCs
• *What is Leukemia?
o Blood cancer
o Affects productions of RBC and platelets
o Decreased WBCs
• Active & passive immunity
o active received through immunization. Or from already having the disease.
o Passive you receive from the mother. Mother to baby
Module 3
PORTH’S ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE
FOR MODULE 1 TO MODULE 1
Final Exam Key Concepts: Essentials of Pathophysiology
Module 1
• Low potassium (Hypokalemia) – Monitor heart.
o Cardiac arrhythmias
o Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, parasthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and
irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased
bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest.
• Catecholamines – Flight or fight response
o Epinephrine
o norepinephrine
o Adrenaline
o Increases HR, increases BP
o tachycardia, increased BP, increases HR, catacholimines, cortisol, epinipherine,
adrenaline, pupil dilation
• Function of Albumin – decrease albumin – ascites
o Albumin- plasma protein, likes water. Takes water with it
o Swelling, no albumin in the blood. proteinuria
o Will have ascites (abdominal swelling)- generalized fluid accumulation in the wrong
places. Generalized swelling. Third spacing.
• Function of Aldosterone
o Sodium and water retention
o Helps to maintain BP
• Different fluid compartments
o Intracellular- fluid inside cells
o Extracellular- fluid outside cells
o Intravascular- inside blood vessels
o Interstitial- between cells
o Transcellular- third spacing
• Causes of edema – increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
o Excess fluid in the interstitial space. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure,
decrease in plasma protein.
• Sign and symptom
o Symptom- something the patient experiences
o Sign- something you see
• Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples
o Immune complex reaction
o Excessive immune body produces auto antibody immune response of the body
o Ex: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, erythematosus, rheumatic fever
• Cause of contact dermatitis
o Contact with allergens
, lOMoARcPSD|29700879
▪ Irritant contact dermatitis- chemicals, acids, rubber gloves, soaps. Does not
involve immune, just triggers inflammatory response
▪ Allergic contact dermatitis- contact with metals, chemicals, adhesive, poison ivy.
Sensitization occurs, and then subsequent exposure produces manifestations
• Levels of prevention
o Primary- take vaccines
o Secondary- screening to diagnosis
o Tertiary- restores function. Focuses on people already affected by disease
• Hyponatremia – Fatal to brain
o Decreased sodium.
• Metastatic cancer cells
o Spread to the proximal and then distal sites. Ignore signals for apoptosis.
• *Function of mitochondria and ribosomes
o Energy Powerhouse of the cell
o Contains own dna and ribosomes
o Ribosomes- production of proteins
• Electrylytes- calcium stored in the bones
• Intracellular and extracellular ions-
o Intracellular-
o Extracellular-
Module 2
• *Colonoscopy screening after 50 years
o takes 10 years to turn into cancer
o colonoscopy every 10 years
o sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
o fetal occult blood- every year
• *Primary function of bone marrow.
o Produces RBCs, WBCs and platelets
• *Assessment findings with localized inflammation
o redness, warmth, heat, swelling
• *Leukocytosis means --------
o increase WBCs
• *What is Leukemia?
o Blood cancer
o Affects productions of RBC and platelets
o Decreased WBCs
• Active & passive immunity
o active received through immunization. Or from already having the disease.
o Passive you receive from the mother. Mother to baby
Module 3
