Brooks Biological Principles Exam 2 Questions and
Correct Answers, Solution Guide 2024 Complete.
Cytology
the study of cells
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells
Robert Hooke
one of the first to use microscope, observing a piece of cork from the stem of plants,
where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell.
Light Microscope
takes pictures of large atoms.
nucleus, not electrons
Scanning Electron Microscope
electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D
image
Transmission Electron Microscope
Microtome: a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material for observation under a
TEM. Microtomes are often made of diamonds
Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes?
No, can only see neutrons & protons
Why are most cells small?
To maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell
environment
Smaller cells have bigger membranes
Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume?
surface area
Plasma Membrane
aka "Fluid Mosaic Model"
composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (helps maintain
proper fluid viscosity), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system)
"self" antigen: produced by the body
"not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this
Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags"
Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself
Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis
involved in ATP production and the electron transport system
Cell Wall
outside of the cell membrane in some organisms (plants); composed of carbohydrates
or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria)
Cytoplasm
material outside the nucleus
• site for metabolic activity
• cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc
• organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions
, Cytoskeleton
supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules (biggest, tubular
dimers), microfilaments (smallest, actin), and intermediate filaments
Microtubules
form cilia (numerous & short) , flagella ( long, usually 1 or 2) , & centrioles
Prokaryotes
have a simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound
organelles
• nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop
• 360 flagella rotation
• ribosomes present
• plasma membrane produces ATP
• cell wall
Ex: Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes
have a complex cellular organization; membrane-bound organelles, located inside the
cell membrane
Nucleus
contains the dna in form of chromosomes; control cellular activities via gene
Nucleolus
located in the nucleus, the site for ribosome synthesis
Rough ER
has ribosomes, necessary for protein synthesis
Smooth ER
no ribosomes, involve in lipids synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
packaging center for molecules; synthesizes carbohydrates
Lysosome
contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
Peroxisome
involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
Chromoplast
contains nongreen pigments
Leukoplast
stores starch
Mitochondria
produces ATP, aerobic
mitochondria have their own DNA and mitochondrial DNA doesn't change as much,
showing a clearer view of phylogeny
DNA is more similar to bacteria, than DNA found in our nucleus (due to the
endosymbiotic hypothesis, that life arose from prokaryotes)
all of our mitochondria comes from our mothers
Vacuole
storage and space-filling structure
Correct Answers, Solution Guide 2024 Complete.
Cytology
the study of cells
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells
Robert Hooke
one of the first to use microscope, observing a piece of cork from the stem of plants,
where he found chambers arising in the idea of a cell.
Light Microscope
takes pictures of large atoms.
nucleus, not electrons
Scanning Electron Microscope
electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D
image
Transmission Electron Microscope
Microtome: a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material for observation under a
TEM. Microtomes are often made of diamonds
Can you see electrons using the electron microscopes?
No, can only see neutrons & protons
Why are most cells small?
To maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell
environment
Smaller cells have bigger membranes
Does cell need a bigger surface area or volume?
surface area
Plasma Membrane
aka "Fluid Mosaic Model"
composed of fluidlike phospholipid bilayer, proteins, cholesterol (helps maintain
proper fluid viscosity), and glycoproteins (antigens: "name tags" for immune system)
"self" antigen: produced by the body
"not self" antigen: not produced by the body so antigens will attack this
Get sick more when younger because body is still learning these "name tags"
Arthritis: autoimmune disease where the body attacks itself
Pollen grain: not self, antigens will attack = phagocytosis
involved in ATP production and the electron transport system
Cell Wall
outside of the cell membrane in some organisms (plants); composed of carbohydrates
or carbohydrate derivatives (peptidoglycan for bacteria)
Cytoplasm
material outside the nucleus
• site for metabolic activity
• cytosol: solution with dissolved substances such as glucose, CO2, & O2, etc
• organelles: membrane-bound subunits of cells with specialized functions
, Cytoskeleton
supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules (biggest, tubular
dimers), microfilaments (smallest, actin), and intermediate filaments
Microtubules
form cilia (numerous & short) , flagella ( long, usually 1 or 2) , & centrioles
Prokaryotes
have a simple cellular organization with no nucleus or other membrane-bound
organelles
• nucleoid w/ DNA in continuous loop
• 360 flagella rotation
• ribosomes present
• plasma membrane produces ATP
• cell wall
Ex: Bacteria & Archaea
Eukaryotes
have a complex cellular organization; membrane-bound organelles, located inside the
cell membrane
Nucleus
contains the dna in form of chromosomes; control cellular activities via gene
Nucleolus
located in the nucleus, the site for ribosome synthesis
Rough ER
has ribosomes, necessary for protein synthesis
Smooth ER
no ribosomes, involve in lipids synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
packaging center for molecules; synthesizes carbohydrates
Lysosome
contains hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion
Peroxisome
involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degradation
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
Chromoplast
contains nongreen pigments
Leukoplast
stores starch
Mitochondria
produces ATP, aerobic
mitochondria have their own DNA and mitochondrial DNA doesn't change as much,
showing a clearer view of phylogeny
DNA is more similar to bacteria, than DNA found in our nucleus (due to the
endosymbiotic hypothesis, that life arose from prokaryotes)
all of our mitochondria comes from our mothers
Vacuole
storage and space-filling structure
