NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Study
Guide Questions and Correct Answers
1). Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
Ans: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with
other abdominal organs), *liver*
2). The increased nadh/nad+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Ans: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids
to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3). What can reactive oxygen species cause?
Ans: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage
proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
4). What is the body's defense against ros?
Ans: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
5). How are free radicals produced?
Ans: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6). Action potential
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, Ans: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7). Threshold potential
Ans: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
8). Hypokalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
9). Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
10). Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
11). Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
12). Atrophy
Ans: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in
size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
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, 13). Atrophy examples
Ans: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14). Hypertrophy
Ans: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
15). Hypertrophy examples
Ans: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or
weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
16). Hyperplasia
Ans: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
17). Hyperplasia examples
Ans: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial
lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
18). Dysplasia
Ans: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to
persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
19). Dysplasia examples
Ans: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
20). Metaplasia
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Guide Questions and Correct Answers
1). Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
Ans: Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with
other abdominal organs), *liver*
2). The increased nadh/nad+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Ans: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids
to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for
ketogenesis and lipogenesis
3). What can reactive oxygen species cause?
Ans: Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage
proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage
mitochondria
4). What is the body's defense against ros?
Ans: Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
5). How are free radicals produced?
Ans: 1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
6). Action potential
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 19
, Ans: Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron
depolarizes --> then repolarizes
7). Threshold potential
Ans: Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential
8). Hypokalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased
neuromuscular excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
9). Hyperkalemia and action potentials
Ans: HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill,
paresthesia, paralysis
10). Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral
paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
11). Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Ans: Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
12). Atrophy
Ans: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in
size, it has now compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but have
diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
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, 13). Atrophy examples
Ans: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
14). Hypertrophy
Ans: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by
hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand.
15). Hypertrophy examples
Ans: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or
weight lifting / when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
16). Hyperplasia
Ans: Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY
happen in cells that are capable of mitosis (cell division).
17). Hyperplasia examples
Ans: 1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial
lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer
18). Dysplasia
Ans: abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to
persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
19). Dysplasia examples
Ans: Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo treatment.
20). Metaplasia
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