Summary FNDH 400 Final Exam Topics to Know.
Macronutrients, Micronutrients
· Macronutrients
Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water
· Micronutrients
Vitamins, Minerals
what a "calorie," as used by the public, represents
Food energy is measured in kilocalories (kcals), commonly referred to as calories by
general public
what nutrients provide energy and how much
Carbs (4), Proteins (4), Lipids (9), Alcohol (7)
functional foods, phytochemicals, and zoochemicals
· Functional foods: beyond traditional nutrients, often rich source of photochemical or
zoochemical or contain more of certain nutrient than normal foods
· Phytochemicals: plants, health benefits beyond traditional nutrients
· Zoochemicals: animals, compounds in animals believed to provide health benefits
beyond traditional nutrients
Cross-Sectional Studies
compare different populations at the same point in time (take snapshot of two different
populations to compare them to one another). (Present)
EX: A researcher examines the relationship between exercise and cancer risk in states
across the United States.
Case-Control Studies
look at a group of cases (ex: people with a disease) vs. controls (ex: people without the
disease). (Looking at past) (present-past)
EX: A researcher collects questionnaires from individuals diagnosed with cancer and
individuals without cancer on past exercise habits to see if there is a difference between
the groups.
Prospective Cohort Studies
group of subjects, general prospective, follow over time (ex: filled out questionnaire on
your current dietary habits and are then followed into the future to see if you develop
osteoporosis) (present-future)
Clinical Trial
"gold standard" research method, scientifically controlled study using consenting people
to find safety and effectiveness of different items/regimes (present-future)
EX: A researcher divides subjects into a group that is assigned to an exercise program
and another to a stretching regimen to determine if exercise can decrease cancer risk.
rank the different forms of nutrition evidence
Systematic Literature Reviews (multiple trials)
Clinical Trials
Cohort
Case-Control
, Cross-Sectional
Animal Studies
In vitro
What are the Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: (1 sugar)
Disaccharides: (2 sugars; 2 mono & hydration reaction)
Monosaccharides?
1. Glucose (6) - product of photosynthesis, major source of energy in body
2. Fructose (5) - found in fruits and drinks
3. Galactose (6) - not found in nature
Disaccharides?
1. Sucrose (alpha) - has calories, (glucose + fructose)
2. Maltose (alpha) - (glucose + glucose)
3. Lactose (beta) - (glucose + galactose)
What are the Complex Carbohydrates?
Oligosaccharides: (3-10 sugars) cant digest alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharides: (>10 sugars)
Oligosaccharides?
1. Raffinose
2. Stachyose
Polysaccharides?
1. Starch
-Amylose (1-4 linear)
-Amylopectin (1-4) + (1-6)
-Glycogen (linear with branches)
2. Glycogen: storage form in animals (1-4) & (1-6)
3. Most Fibers (indigestible)
Differences between the individual monosaccharides and disaccharides?
Monosaccharides: 1 sugar
Glucose & Galactose = 6 member ring
Fructose = 5 member ring
Disaccharides: 2 sugars, produced from 2 monosaccharides
Difference/similarity of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose; know how these
differences/similarities impact expected outcomes from consuming them?
Similarity: contains 1 monosaccharide
Difference: Glucose and fructose are free in high-fructose corn syrup, rather than
bonded together like sucrose
what sugar alcohols are and why they are a good option for products like
chewing gum
Sugar alcohols are not fermented by the bacteria on the tooth surface
notable features of the alternative sweeteners
Aspartame: PKU issue
Stevia, Lup Han Guo: both found in nature
Macronutrients, Micronutrients
· Macronutrients
Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water
· Micronutrients
Vitamins, Minerals
what a "calorie," as used by the public, represents
Food energy is measured in kilocalories (kcals), commonly referred to as calories by
general public
what nutrients provide energy and how much
Carbs (4), Proteins (4), Lipids (9), Alcohol (7)
functional foods, phytochemicals, and zoochemicals
· Functional foods: beyond traditional nutrients, often rich source of photochemical or
zoochemical or contain more of certain nutrient than normal foods
· Phytochemicals: plants, health benefits beyond traditional nutrients
· Zoochemicals: animals, compounds in animals believed to provide health benefits
beyond traditional nutrients
Cross-Sectional Studies
compare different populations at the same point in time (take snapshot of two different
populations to compare them to one another). (Present)
EX: A researcher examines the relationship between exercise and cancer risk in states
across the United States.
Case-Control Studies
look at a group of cases (ex: people with a disease) vs. controls (ex: people without the
disease). (Looking at past) (present-past)
EX: A researcher collects questionnaires from individuals diagnosed with cancer and
individuals without cancer on past exercise habits to see if there is a difference between
the groups.
Prospective Cohort Studies
group of subjects, general prospective, follow over time (ex: filled out questionnaire on
your current dietary habits and are then followed into the future to see if you develop
osteoporosis) (present-future)
Clinical Trial
"gold standard" research method, scientifically controlled study using consenting people
to find safety and effectiveness of different items/regimes (present-future)
EX: A researcher divides subjects into a group that is assigned to an exercise program
and another to a stretching regimen to determine if exercise can decrease cancer risk.
rank the different forms of nutrition evidence
Systematic Literature Reviews (multiple trials)
Clinical Trials
Cohort
Case-Control
, Cross-Sectional
Animal Studies
In vitro
What are the Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: (1 sugar)
Disaccharides: (2 sugars; 2 mono & hydration reaction)
Monosaccharides?
1. Glucose (6) - product of photosynthesis, major source of energy in body
2. Fructose (5) - found in fruits and drinks
3. Galactose (6) - not found in nature
Disaccharides?
1. Sucrose (alpha) - has calories, (glucose + fructose)
2. Maltose (alpha) - (glucose + glucose)
3. Lactose (beta) - (glucose + galactose)
What are the Complex Carbohydrates?
Oligosaccharides: (3-10 sugars) cant digest alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharides: (>10 sugars)
Oligosaccharides?
1. Raffinose
2. Stachyose
Polysaccharides?
1. Starch
-Amylose (1-4 linear)
-Amylopectin (1-4) + (1-6)
-Glycogen (linear with branches)
2. Glycogen: storage form in animals (1-4) & (1-6)
3. Most Fibers (indigestible)
Differences between the individual monosaccharides and disaccharides?
Monosaccharides: 1 sugar
Glucose & Galactose = 6 member ring
Fructose = 5 member ring
Disaccharides: 2 sugars, produced from 2 monosaccharides
Difference/similarity of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose; know how these
differences/similarities impact expected outcomes from consuming them?
Similarity: contains 1 monosaccharide
Difference: Glucose and fructose are free in high-fructose corn syrup, rather than
bonded together like sucrose
what sugar alcohols are and why they are a good option for products like
chewing gum
Sugar alcohols are not fermented by the bacteria on the tooth surface
notable features of the alternative sweeteners
Aspartame: PKU issue
Stevia, Lup Han Guo: both found in nature
