MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology United
States university week 4 Solved Questions.
1). Nephrotic syndrome
Ans: characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage.
corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
2). Glomerular injury: diffuse and focal
Ans: Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed
diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g.,
focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
3). Glomerular injury: global and segmental
Ans: When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and
the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is
affected.
4). Glomerulonephritis
Ans: An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
5). Nephritic syndrome
Ans: Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma
proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
mediate the damage
6). Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
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, Ans: refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent
cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
7). Sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
Ans: refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
8). Necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
Ans: refers to cellular death.
9). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)
also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
Ans: A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
10). Bladder cancer
Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
11). Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
Ans: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
12). Hydronephrosis
Ans: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys
that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (pkd)
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, 13).
Ans: inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
14). Renal cell carcinoma
Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
15). Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Ans: Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
16). Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer
Ans: Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur
due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also
manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the
presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
17). Treatment for hydronephrosis
Ans: treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs
develop.
18). Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma
Ans: a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or
fetal tissue
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States university week 4 Solved Questions.
1). Nephrotic syndrome
Ans: characterized by massive proteinuria caused by glomerular damage.
corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with glomerulonephritis and with an
immune response that is noninflammatory.
2). Glomerular injury: diffuse and focal
Ans: Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%) of the glomeruli (plural) are termed
diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g.,
focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
3). Glomerular injury: global and segmental
Ans: When a whole glomerulus (singular) is affected, the lesion is termed global, and
the lesion is considered segmental if only a portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is
affected.
4). Glomerulonephritis
Ans: An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms occur as a result of
activation of immune mechanisms.
5). Nephritic syndrome
Ans: Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune response that is
inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood cells, and plasma
proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
mediate the damage
6). Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor
PaperStoc.com Page 1 of 18
, Ans: refers to an increase in glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement
membrane). In the extra capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed
crescents, which are made of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent
cells accumulate in the Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
7). Sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor
Ans: refers to glomerular scar formation, and when the scarring is between the
glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as interstitial fibrosis.
8). Necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor
Ans: refers to cellular death.
9). Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)
also called benign prostatic hypertrophy
Ans: A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men
age, usually appearing by age 50.
10). Bladder cancer
Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder; major sign is
hematuria
11). Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis
Ans: History
physical examination
urinalysis
renal ultrasound
CT
intravenous pyelogram
MRI.
12). Hydronephrosis
Ans: An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys
that occurs secondary to a disease.
Polycystic kidney disease (pkd)
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, 13).
Ans: inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
14). Renal cell carcinoma
Ans: cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; most frequently occurring
kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years of age).
15). Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms
Ans: Hematuria
An abdominal renal mass that is firm
Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
Unexplained weight loss
Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
16). Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer
Ans: Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e., visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is
intermittent and occurs throughout all of micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur
due to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
Other general symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, or anorexia are also
manifestations of more advanced disease. Physical examination findings may reveal the
presence of a pelvic or abdominal mass (if advanced) and prostate induration.
17). Treatment for hydronephrosis
Ans: treat underlying cause and facilitating urine flow will be necessary if UTIs
develop.
18). Wilms tumor, or nephroblastoma
Ans: a rare cancer of the kidney that occurs in children from residual embryonic or
fetal tissue
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