Solution Manual for Statistics for Nursing Research A
Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition,
Susan Grove, Daisha Cipher
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Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
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Distribution of this document is illegal
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Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the subjects
were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than
one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured
at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered
more or less benefi cial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1 ; Grove & Gray, 2019) .
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients were
receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation ( SD ). BMI measurement resulted
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (S tone & Frazier, 2017) . Ratiolevel
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (G rove & Gray, 2017 ;
Knapp, 2017 ).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: What
category identifi es your current income as an RN? a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categories
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
AG 1-1
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AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categories
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or
(e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than
$80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary
to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data ( Grove & Gray, 2019; W altz et al., 2017)
.
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale developed
to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symptoms on a scale of 1 to
7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The total scores
for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval level of
measurement (G ray et al., 2017; W altz et al., 2017) .
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer .
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD , were conducted to describe CDS scores for
study participants (see Table 1 ). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (G ray et al., 2017; K im & Mallory, 2017)
.
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of subjects with
depression increased. This is an expected fi nding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
(%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients
who were receiving an antidepressant (see T able 1) . The number of cardiac patients not treated for
depression was 91 (106 – 15 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group
frequency total sample size) 100%. For this study, (91 patients 106 sample size) 100% 0.858 100%
85.8% 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
clinical practice?
Answer: H a et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine
a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3
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Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition,
Susan Grove, Daisha Cipher
Downloaded by: crystalwhiteann |
Distribution of this document is illegal
, Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Solution Manual for
Statistics for Nursing
Research A Workbook
for Evidence-Based
Practice 3rd Edition
Susan Grove Daisha
Downloaded by: crystalwhiteann | by: Stuviaaa |
Distribution of this document is illegal
, Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of
Measurement: Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio
1
The questions are in bold followed by answers.
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a
rationale for your answer.
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categories were
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the subjects
were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than
one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured
at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered
more or less benefi cial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1 ; Grove & Gray, 2019) .
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Answer: The mode for current therapy was blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients were
receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this sample.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?
Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation ( SD ). BMI measurement resulted
in ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (S tone & Frazier, 2017) . Ratiolevel
data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (G rove & Gray, 2017 ;
Knapp, 2017 ).
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study: What
category identifi es your current income as an RN? a. Less than $50,000
b. $50,000 to 59,999
c. $60,000 to 69,999
d. $70,000 to 80,000
e. $80,000 or greater
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income categories
are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
AG 1-1
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AG 1-2 Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since categories
(d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or
(e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than
$80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary
to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data ( Grove & Gray, 2019; W altz et al., 2017)
.
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer:
The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale developed
to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symptoms on a scale of 1 to
7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The total scores
for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval level of
measurement (G ray et al., 2017; W altz et al., 2017) .
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores for the
cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer .
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD , were conducted to describe CDS scores for
study participants (see Table 1 ). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (G ray et al., 2017; K im & Mallory, 2017)
.
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
this result.
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of subjects with
depression increased. This is an expected fi nding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac
patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as
depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher
NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent
(%).
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients
who were receiving an antidepressant (see T able 1) . The number of cardiac patients not treated for
depression was 91 (106 – 15 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula: (group
frequency total sample size) 100%. For this study, (91 patients 106 sample size) 100% 0.858 100%
85.8% 86%. The final answer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question.
You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and
obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in
clinical practice?
Answer: H a et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,
steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine
a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional status of cardiac patients.
Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded AG 1-3
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