NURS 231 Portage Learning Pathophysiology
Module Exam 2 Study Questions with Answers
graded A+
1). Neoplasia
Ans: disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
2). Neoplasm
Ans: the new growth that occurs as a result of neoplasia
3). Proliferation
Ans: --process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
4). Differentiation
Ans: process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division
5). Cell cycle (figure 2.1)
Ans: G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
6). G1
Ans: (gap 1)
--DNA synthesis stops
--cell enlarges
--both RNA and protein synthesis begin
7). S phase
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, Ans: --DNA synthesis occurs
--produces two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each daughter cell.
8). G2
Ans: (gap 2)
--DNA synthesis again stops
--RNA/protein synthesis continues
--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
9). Checkpoints
Ans: --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next
phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA
damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on
correctly.
10). M phase
Ans: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division
--continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from one
mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0.
--A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or
when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the
cell cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors,
hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury.
--Notably, highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like neurons, may
permanently stay in G0.
11). 3 main groups of cells that proliferate
Ans: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that
rarely divide and reproduce
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and
liver cells
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large number of
progenitor cells if needed.
12). What are progenitor cells?
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Module Exam 2 Study Questions with Answers
graded A+
1). Neoplasia
Ans: disorder of altered cell differentiation and growth
2). Neoplasm
Ans: the new growth that occurs as a result of neoplasia
3). Proliferation
Ans: --process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division
4). Differentiation
Ans: process in which cells become more specialized with each mitotic division
5). Cell cycle (figure 2.1)
Ans: G1 (first growth phase)
S (DNA synthesis phase)
to G2 (second growth phase)
M (mitosis).
6). G1
Ans: (gap 1)
--DNA synthesis stops
--cell enlarges
--both RNA and protein synthesis begin
7). S phase
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, Ans: --DNA synthesis occurs
--produces two separate sets of chromosomes, one for each daughter cell.
8). G2
Ans: (gap 2)
--DNA synthesis again stops
--RNA/protein synthesis continues
--first three (G1, S, G2) phases are referred to as interphase
9). Checkpoints
Ans: --Located at the end of each of these phases (G1, S-phase, and G2)
--means of molecular surveillance used to ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next
phase
--if not, the cycle is halted and allowed to complete its replication or even repair any DNA
damage (when detected), thereby ensuring all the genetic information is passed on
correctly.
10). M phase
Ans: --consists of mitosis (dividing up the DNA) and cytoplasmic division
--continually dividing cells, like the skin's squamous epithelium, continue to cycle from one
mitotic division to the next, while some cells go into a resting state known as G0.
--A resting phase (G0) may occur when nutrients or growth factors are unavailable or
when highly specialized cells first leave the cell cycle. Cells in G0 may then re-enter the
cell cycle when nutrients become available, or the cell receives stimuli via growth factors,
hormones, or other signals that trigger cell growth, such as blood loss or tissue injury.
--Notably, highly specialized and terminally differentiated cells, like neurons, may
permanently stay in G0.
11). 3 main groups of cells that proliferate
Ans: (1) well-differentiated neurons and cells of skeletal and cardiac muscles that
rarely divide and reproduce
(2) progenitor or parent cells that continue to divide and reproduce, like blood, skin, and
liver cells
(3) undifferentiated stem cells that can enter the cell cycle and produce large number of
progenitor cells if needed.
12). What are progenitor cells?
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