lOMoARcPSD|19500986lOMoARcPSD|19500986
BIOS 252 Midterm Exam 2023 / BIOS252 Midterm Exam
(Review and Essay Question Answer) Anatomy and
Physiology II with Lab: Chamberlain College of Nursing
A&P 1 Midterm Study Guide
Exam Format:
35 Multiple choice @ 3 pts 4 Pick all that apply @ 5 pts 15 Fill in the blank @ 2 pts 1 essay @ 15 pts
Ch. 1
Anatomy
• “Cutting things up.” Structure of the body and how the parts relate to each other in space.
Physiology
• “Study of nature.” Function of a living organism, how it works, and maintains life.
Levels of organization (molecular, cellular, tissue level, etc.)
• Chemical/molecular level: atoms and molecules
• Cellular level: cells – basic structural unit of life, smallest living unit
• Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: organ is a collection of tissues
• Organ System: several levels
• Organism level: the human body
Homeostasis (give examples, thermoregulation, water regulation, blood pressure regulation)
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory
processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of
their surrounding fluid o Fluid known as extracellular fluid, and fluid that fills narrow spaces
between cells is interstitial fluid.
▪ Other types are blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous
humor, and vitreous body.
, lOMoARcPSD|19500986
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease
• Homeostatic control loop; receptor, control center and effector
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change, brings condition back to a set point. i.e. – blood
pressure
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change, brings condition further away from a set point.
i.e. – childbirth, blood clotting. Things that don’t occur a lot.
• Water Regulation: kidneys and water balance concentration of mineral ions in the blood, get
rid of waste products, especially nitrogen-containing compound called urea.
o Can also be excreted, and removes heat from the body when a person sweats, helping
regulate body temp.
1
1
, lOMoARcPSD|19500986
Body cavities
• Cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones and contains brain
• Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic cavity: chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
• Pleural cavity: space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
• Pericardial cavity: space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
• Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral
column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large
blood vessels.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large
intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Serous membranes
• Thin, slippery, 2 layers (pericardium and pleura [heart and lungs])
• Peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs • Visceral membrane: covers the organs
• Parietal layer: lines abdominal wall.
Directional terms
• Cranial (up towards head) & Caudal (towards bum)
• Anterior/Ventral (front of body) & Posterior/Dorsal (towards back)
• Medial (middle of body) & Lateral (away from middle)
• Superior (towards head) & Inferior (towards feet)
• Proximal (towards location) & Distal (away from location)
Sections (planes) of the body
• Transverse (horizontal): top & bottom cut of body
• Sagittal: right and left cut of body o Midsagittal: cut through midline
o Parasagittal: cut down middle, away from midline
• Frontal/Coronal: front and back cut of body
• Oblique: diagonal cut of body part
Major characteristics of life
• Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
• Responsiveness: detect and respond to stimuli
• Movement: of molecules, cells, organs
BIOS 252 Midterm Exam 2023 / BIOS252 Midterm Exam
(Review and Essay Question Answer) Anatomy and
Physiology II with Lab: Chamberlain College of Nursing
A&P 1 Midterm Study Guide
Exam Format:
35 Multiple choice @ 3 pts 4 Pick all that apply @ 5 pts 15 Fill in the blank @ 2 pts 1 essay @ 15 pts
Ch. 1
Anatomy
• “Cutting things up.” Structure of the body and how the parts relate to each other in space.
Physiology
• “Study of nature.” Function of a living organism, how it works, and maintains life.
Levels of organization (molecular, cellular, tissue level, etc.)
• Chemical/molecular level: atoms and molecules
• Cellular level: cells – basic structural unit of life, smallest living unit
• Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: organ is a collection of tissues
• Organ System: several levels
• Organism level: the human body
Homeostasis (give examples, thermoregulation, water regulation, blood pressure regulation)
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory
processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of
their surrounding fluid o Fluid known as extracellular fluid, and fluid that fills narrow spaces
between cells is interstitial fluid.
▪ Other types are blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous
humor, and vitreous body.
, lOMoARcPSD|19500986
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease
• Homeostatic control loop; receptor, control center and effector
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change, brings condition back to a set point. i.e. – blood
pressure
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change, brings condition further away from a set point.
i.e. – childbirth, blood clotting. Things that don’t occur a lot.
• Water Regulation: kidneys and water balance concentration of mineral ions in the blood, get
rid of waste products, especially nitrogen-containing compound called urea.
o Can also be excreted, and removes heat from the body when a person sweats, helping
regulate body temp.
1
1
, lOMoARcPSD|19500986
Body cavities
• Cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones and contains brain
• Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic cavity: chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
• Pleural cavity: space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
• Pericardial cavity: space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
• Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral
column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large
blood vessels.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large
intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Serous membranes
• Thin, slippery, 2 layers (pericardium and pleura [heart and lungs])
• Peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs • Visceral membrane: covers the organs
• Parietal layer: lines abdominal wall.
Directional terms
• Cranial (up towards head) & Caudal (towards bum)
• Anterior/Ventral (front of body) & Posterior/Dorsal (towards back)
• Medial (middle of body) & Lateral (away from middle)
• Superior (towards head) & Inferior (towards feet)
• Proximal (towards location) & Distal (away from location)
Sections (planes) of the body
• Transverse (horizontal): top & bottom cut of body
• Sagittal: right and left cut of body o Midsagittal: cut through midline
o Parasagittal: cut down middle, away from midline
• Frontal/Coronal: front and back cut of body
• Oblique: diagonal cut of body part
Major characteristics of life
• Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
• Responsiveness: detect and respond to stimuli
• Movement: of molecules, cells, organs
