ENDOCRINE GLANDS and HORMONES
__________________________________________________ 4. ADRENALS GLAND- pair of glands, each located on
the superior surface of a kidney.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- includes number of glands that secrete
-each adrenal gland resembles a cone-shaped hat on
regulatory chemicals into the blood for distribution
top of a kidney.
throughout the body.
-composed of OUTER ADRENAL CORTEX and INNER
HORMONES- regulatory chemicals ADRENAL MEDULLA and the chromaffin cells
CHROMAFFIN CELLS- the neurosecretory that form
NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM- the regulatory scheme of the the medullary tissue.
body is under the control of the nervous system and -Cortical Tissue is composed of three distinct regions
endocrine system. of glandular epithelium
*Zona Glomerulosa
ENDOCRINOLOGY- periodic release; study of endocrine
*Zona Fasciculata
glands
*Zona Reticularis
MULTIFUNCTIONAL- one gland has multiple purposes. ZONA GLOMERULOSA- the outermost region; just
deep to the capsule of the organ; cells are arranged
A. GROSS ANATOMY in balls and loops.
1. PITUITARY GLAND (hypothalamus)- tiny pea-shaped ZONA FASCICULATA- the middle and the thickest
gland located on the inferior aspect of the brain. region of cortex; form rather straight rows that are
- cradled in the SELLA TURCICA of the sphenoid perpendicular to the gland’s surface.
bone. ZONA RETICULARIS- the innermost zone; cells in this
-Pituitary or HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI (two glands that region form branched rows.
are fused together) 5. PANCREAS- both an endocrine and exocrine gland
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS- anterior pituitary; modified as -long, narrow mass of glandular tissue
epithelium -resembles a fish
NEUROHYPOHYSIS- posterior pituitary; is composed -cradled in the bend of the C-shaped duodenum (first
of neurosecretory tissue. part of the small intestine, just inferior to the
2. THYROID GLAND- single gland is located on the stomach)
anterior aspect of the trachea (windpipe) near the ACINAR CELLS- exocrine; secrete digestive pancreatic
larynx (voice box). juice
THYROID FOLLICLES- formed by the granular PANCREATIC ISLETS (OF LANGERHANS) -endocrine;
epithelium in thyroid tissue which contain thyroid are spherical masses of the cells that secrete
colloid. pancreatic hormones
THYROID COLLOID- the stored form of thyroid 6. THYMUS GLAND- two-lobed gland located in the
hormones anterior mediastinum
FOLLICULAR CELLS- form the walls of each follicle; -grows until puberty and then degenerates through
secrete the colloid adulthood
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS- the cells between the -not shown in models of the adult human body
follicles; also secrete a hormone. dual role functions in both LYMPHATIC ORGAN and
-has 2 LATERAL LOBES ENDOCRINE GLAND
ISTHMUS- a narrow medial that joins them in the -serves as the site for the development of T
middle. lymphocytes
3. PARATHYROID GLAND- tiny masses of tissue are T LYMPHOCYTES- immune cells
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. -surrounded by capsule that extends inward.
- usually, two superior and two inferior parathyroid Forming trabeculae
glands. TRABECULAE- divide the thymus into lobules
-does not any follicles, but rather dense packing of LOBULE- had cortex and medulla
glandular cells *CORTEX- largely filled with lymphocytes
CHIEF CELLS- form corda, or rows, and are thought to *MEDULLA- few lymphocytes; can be found here
be primary producers of hormones. small spheres called thymic (Hassall) corpuscles
OXYPHIL CELLS- are scattered among the chief cells; THYMIC (HASSALL) CORPUSCLES- whose function is
backup hormone producers. unclear
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHARIZE SEE
__________________________________________________ 4. ADRENALS GLAND- pair of glands, each located on
the superior surface of a kidney.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- includes number of glands that secrete
-each adrenal gland resembles a cone-shaped hat on
regulatory chemicals into the blood for distribution
top of a kidney.
throughout the body.
-composed of OUTER ADRENAL CORTEX and INNER
HORMONES- regulatory chemicals ADRENAL MEDULLA and the chromaffin cells
CHROMAFFIN CELLS- the neurosecretory that form
NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM- the regulatory scheme of the the medullary tissue.
body is under the control of the nervous system and -Cortical Tissue is composed of three distinct regions
endocrine system. of glandular epithelium
*Zona Glomerulosa
ENDOCRINOLOGY- periodic release; study of endocrine
*Zona Fasciculata
glands
*Zona Reticularis
MULTIFUNCTIONAL- one gland has multiple purposes. ZONA GLOMERULOSA- the outermost region; just
deep to the capsule of the organ; cells are arranged
A. GROSS ANATOMY in balls and loops.
1. PITUITARY GLAND (hypothalamus)- tiny pea-shaped ZONA FASCICULATA- the middle and the thickest
gland located on the inferior aspect of the brain. region of cortex; form rather straight rows that are
- cradled in the SELLA TURCICA of the sphenoid perpendicular to the gland’s surface.
bone. ZONA RETICULARIS- the innermost zone; cells in this
-Pituitary or HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI (two glands that region form branched rows.
are fused together) 5. PANCREAS- both an endocrine and exocrine gland
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS- anterior pituitary; modified as -long, narrow mass of glandular tissue
epithelium -resembles a fish
NEUROHYPOHYSIS- posterior pituitary; is composed -cradled in the bend of the C-shaped duodenum (first
of neurosecretory tissue. part of the small intestine, just inferior to the
2. THYROID GLAND- single gland is located on the stomach)
anterior aspect of the trachea (windpipe) near the ACINAR CELLS- exocrine; secrete digestive pancreatic
larynx (voice box). juice
THYROID FOLLICLES- formed by the granular PANCREATIC ISLETS (OF LANGERHANS) -endocrine;
epithelium in thyroid tissue which contain thyroid are spherical masses of the cells that secrete
colloid. pancreatic hormones
THYROID COLLOID- the stored form of thyroid 6. THYMUS GLAND- two-lobed gland located in the
hormones anterior mediastinum
FOLLICULAR CELLS- form the walls of each follicle; -grows until puberty and then degenerates through
secrete the colloid adulthood
PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS- the cells between the -not shown in models of the adult human body
follicles; also secrete a hormone. dual role functions in both LYMPHATIC ORGAN and
-has 2 LATERAL LOBES ENDOCRINE GLAND
ISTHMUS- a narrow medial that joins them in the -serves as the site for the development of T
middle. lymphocytes
3. PARATHYROID GLAND- tiny masses of tissue are T LYMPHOCYTES- immune cells
embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. -surrounded by capsule that extends inward.
- usually, two superior and two inferior parathyroid Forming trabeculae
glands. TRABECULAE- divide the thymus into lobules
-does not any follicles, but rather dense packing of LOBULE- had cortex and medulla
glandular cells *CORTEX- largely filled with lymphocytes
CHIEF CELLS- form corda, or rows, and are thought to *MEDULLA- few lymphocytes; can be found here
be primary producers of hormones. small spheres called thymic (Hassall) corpuscles
OXYPHIL CELLS- are scattered among the chief cells; THYMIC (HASSALL) CORPUSCLES- whose function is
backup hormone producers. unclear
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CHARIZE SEE
