Psychology - Final Exam Prep (Answered)
Complete Solution
Phrenology
The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of
character and mental abilities
Trained Introspection
A form of self-observation in which individuals examine and report the contents of their
own consciousness
Functionalism
The theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the
survival of that society
Emperical Evidence
The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to
support and evaluate scientific explanations
Pseudoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence
Biological (Evolutionary/Nature) Perspective
The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
Sociocultural (Nurture) Perspective
The perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Learning (Behaviorism) Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect
a person's actions
Cognitive Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory,
language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective
The psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the
importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices
Psychoanalytic Perspective (Psychodynamics)
The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind
and early experiences behavior
Psychotherapy
The use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal
interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome
problems
Psychiatrist
A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Applied Psychology
The use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve
practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience
Basic Psychology
The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather
than for its practical application
, Case Study
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope
of revealing universal principles
Survey
A method of gathering information from people about their everyday experiences,
beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings
Volunteer Bias
The concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ
from those who do not volunteer
Test (Psychometrics)
The systematic use of tests to quantify psychophysical behavior, abilities, and problems
and to make predictions about psychological performance
Laboratory Observations
Observing the behavior of subjects that are in a controlled environment
Naturalistic Observations
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to
manipulate and control the situation
Positive Correlation
A relationship between two variables that tend to move in the same direction
Negative Correlation
A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other
decreases, and vice versa
Coefficient of Correlation
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables
Correlation vs. Causation
Causation is an occurrence or action that can cause another while correlation is an
action or occurrence that has a direct link to another; correlation does not equal
causation
Single-Blind Study
A type of experiment or clinical trial in which the experimenters are aware of which
subjects are receiving the treatment or independent variable, but the participants of the
study are not
Double-Blind Study
A type of experiment or clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment
Experimenter Effects
When a researcher unintentionally effects the results
Independent Variable
The variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment
Dependent Variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested
Placebo Effect
The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence
their behavior
Random Assignment
Using procedures that rely on chance to assign participants to groups
Complete Solution
Phrenology
The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of
character and mental abilities
Trained Introspection
A form of self-observation in which individuals examine and report the contents of their
own consciousness
Functionalism
The theory that all aspects of a society serve a function and are necessary for the
survival of that society
Emperical Evidence
The observations, measurements, and other types of data that people gather and test to
support and evaluate scientific explanations
Pseudoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence
Biological (Evolutionary/Nature) Perspective
The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of biology on behavior
Sociocultural (Nurture) Perspective
The perspective that focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture
Learning (Behaviorism) Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes how the environment and experience affect
a person's actions
Cognitive Perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory,
language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior
Humanistic Perspective
The psychological view that assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the
importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices
Psychoanalytic Perspective (Psychodynamics)
The psychological perspective that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind
and early experiences behavior
Psychotherapy
The use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal
interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome
problems
Psychiatrist
A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness
Applied Psychology
The use of psychological methods and findings of scientific psychology to solve
practical problems of human and animal behavior and experience
Basic Psychology
The study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge for its own sake rather
than for its practical application
, Case Study
A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope
of revealing universal principles
Survey
A method of gathering information from people about their everyday experiences,
beliefs, thoughts, attitudes, and feelings
Volunteer Bias
The concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ
from those who do not volunteer
Test (Psychometrics)
The systematic use of tests to quantify psychophysical behavior, abilities, and problems
and to make predictions about psychological performance
Laboratory Observations
Observing the behavior of subjects that are in a controlled environment
Naturalistic Observations
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to
manipulate and control the situation
Positive Correlation
A relationship between two variables that tend to move in the same direction
Negative Correlation
A relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other
decreases, and vice versa
Coefficient of Correlation
A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables
Correlation vs. Causation
Causation is an occurrence or action that can cause another while correlation is an
action or occurrence that has a direct link to another; correlation does not equal
causation
Single-Blind Study
A type of experiment or clinical trial in which the experimenters are aware of which
subjects are receiving the treatment or independent variable, but the participants of the
study are not
Double-Blind Study
A type of experiment or clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment
Experimenter Effects
When a researcher unintentionally effects the results
Independent Variable
The variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment
Dependent Variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested
Placebo Effect
The phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence
their behavior
Random Assignment
Using procedures that rely on chance to assign participants to groups
