NFPT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS,
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Ligament
Fibrous tissue that hold joints together. less elastic than tendons.
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone. Formed from fibrous tissue. Much stronger than muscle.
Cartilage
Covers the end of each bone
Synovial Fluid
thin film of slippery fluid that separate cartilage.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion: bending of joint that decreases the angle.
Extension: straightening of a joint that increases the angle.
Circumduction
circular movement of the joint. Ex. arm circles
Later flexion
side bends
Eversion and Inversion
Eversion: rotating foot so the sole of the foot points away from the other.
Inversion: sole of the foot points toward the other.
Lateral Rotation and Medial Rotation
Lateral: rotating limb away from the center of the body.
Medial Rotation: rotating limb toward the center of the body.
Retraction and Protraction
Retraction: posterior (toward the back of the body) movement of the arm at the
shoulder. scapula pinches.
Protraction: anterior movement (toward the front of the body) of the arm at the shoulder.
scapula separates.
3 Main Classifications of Joints
1) Ligamentous: immovable. Between bones of the skull.
2) Cartilaginous: slightly moveable. discs between spinal vertebrae.
3) Synovial: highly movable. Ball and socket, Pivot.
Shoulder Complex
Sternoclavicular (SC): saddle type
Acromioclavicular (AC): gliding
Glenohumeral (GH): ball and socket, multi axial movement
Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Chest Muscles
Pectoralis Major: Adduction and flexion of the humerus.
Pectoralis Minor: Depress and protracts the scapula.
, Shoulder Muscles
Deltoids: abduction of the humerus; medial rotation of the humerus.
Forearm Muscles (Posterior, Superficial/Intermediate)
Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Upper Arm Triceps Muscles
Lateral Head
Long Head
Medial Head
MF: Elbow extension
Lower Back Muscles
Erector Spinae (upper spine part)- made up of several muscles that allow for flexion and
extension. Main muscle group of the lower back. MF: Lumbar extension
Iliac Crest (lower back muscle)
Thoracolumbar Fascia (side muscle)
Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)
Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)
MF: Extension, internal rotation and adduction of the shoulder joint.
Teres Major
MF: Extension, internal rotation and adduction of the shoulder.
Rhomboids (Upper Back)
Rhomboids (major, minor)
MF: Retraction of scapula
Trapezius (Upper Back)
Superior Trap: upward rotation, elevation; Bilaterally-cervical spine extension;
unilaterally- cervical spine lateral flexion, cervical spine rotation.
Middle Trap: retraction
Inferior Trap: Depression, downward rotation.
Hamstrings
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosus
MF: flexion of the knee and aids in hip extension
Glutes
Gluteus Medius (under gluteal fascia)
Gluteus Maximus
MF: Stabilization of the pelvis. Functions primarily for hip extension.
Neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Shoulder
COMPLETE SOLUTION
Ligament
Fibrous tissue that hold joints together. less elastic than tendons.
Tendons
Connects muscle to bone. Formed from fibrous tissue. Much stronger than muscle.
Cartilage
Covers the end of each bone
Synovial Fluid
thin film of slippery fluid that separate cartilage.
Flexion and Extension
Flexion: bending of joint that decreases the angle.
Extension: straightening of a joint that increases the angle.
Circumduction
circular movement of the joint. Ex. arm circles
Later flexion
side bends
Eversion and Inversion
Eversion: rotating foot so the sole of the foot points away from the other.
Inversion: sole of the foot points toward the other.
Lateral Rotation and Medial Rotation
Lateral: rotating limb away from the center of the body.
Medial Rotation: rotating limb toward the center of the body.
Retraction and Protraction
Retraction: posterior (toward the back of the body) movement of the arm at the
shoulder. scapula pinches.
Protraction: anterior movement (toward the front of the body) of the arm at the shoulder.
scapula separates.
3 Main Classifications of Joints
1) Ligamentous: immovable. Between bones of the skull.
2) Cartilaginous: slightly moveable. discs between spinal vertebrae.
3) Synovial: highly movable. Ball and socket, Pivot.
Shoulder Complex
Sternoclavicular (SC): saddle type
Acromioclavicular (AC): gliding
Glenohumeral (GH): ball and socket, multi axial movement
Rotator Cuff
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Chest Muscles
Pectoralis Major: Adduction and flexion of the humerus.
Pectoralis Minor: Depress and protracts the scapula.
, Shoulder Muscles
Deltoids: abduction of the humerus; medial rotation of the humerus.
Forearm Muscles (Posterior, Superficial/Intermediate)
Brachioradialis
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Longus
Extensor Carpi
Radialis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Upper Arm Triceps Muscles
Lateral Head
Long Head
Medial Head
MF: Elbow extension
Lower Back Muscles
Erector Spinae (upper spine part)- made up of several muscles that allow for flexion and
extension. Main muscle group of the lower back. MF: Lumbar extension
Iliac Crest (lower back muscle)
Thoracolumbar Fascia (side muscle)
Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)
Latissimus Dorsi (Lats)
MF: Extension, internal rotation and adduction of the shoulder joint.
Teres Major
MF: Extension, internal rotation and adduction of the shoulder.
Rhomboids (Upper Back)
Rhomboids (major, minor)
MF: Retraction of scapula
Trapezius (Upper Back)
Superior Trap: upward rotation, elevation; Bilaterally-cervical spine extension;
unilaterally- cervical spine lateral flexion, cervical spine rotation.
Middle Trap: retraction
Inferior Trap: Depression, downward rotation.
Hamstrings
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosus
MF: flexion of the knee and aids in hip extension
Glutes
Gluteus Medius (under gluteal fascia)
Gluteus Maximus
MF: Stabilization of the pelvis. Functions primarily for hip extension.
Neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Shoulder
