,
,Data Structures and
Algorithms in Python
Michael T. Goodrich
Department of Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
Roberto Tamassia
Department of Computer Science
Brown University
Michael H. Goldwasser
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Saint Louis University
, VP & PUBLISHER Don Fowley
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Beth Lang Golub
EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Katherine Willis
MARKETING MANAGER Christopher Ruel
DESIGNER Kenji Ngieng
SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis Soo
ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER Joyce Poh
This book was set in LaTEX by the authors. Printed and bound by Courier Westford.
The cover was printed by Courier Westford.
This book is printed on acid free paper.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for
more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our
company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and
where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address
the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are
addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and
among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,
NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use
in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred
to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return
instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you
have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk
copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
,Data Structures and
Algorithms in Python
Michael T. Goodrich
Department of Computer Science
University of California, Irvine
Roberto Tamassia
Department of Computer Science
Brown University
Michael H. Goldwasser
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Saint Louis University
, VP & PUBLISHER Don Fowley
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Beth Lang Golub
EDITORIAL PROGRAM ASSISTANT Katherine Willis
MARKETING MANAGER Christopher Ruel
DESIGNER Kenji Ngieng
SENIOR PRODUCTION MANAGER Janis Soo
ASSOCIATE PRODUCTION MANAGER Joyce Poh
This book was set in LaTEX by the authors. Printed and bound by Courier Westford.
The cover was printed by Courier Westford.
This book is printed on acid free paper.
Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for
more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our
company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and
where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address
the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are
addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and
among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website:
www.wiley.com/go/citizenship.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or
authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,
NJ 07030-5774, (201)748-6011, fax (201)748-6008, website http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use
in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred
to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return
instructions and a free of charge return mailing label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel. If you
have chosen to adopt this textbook for use in your course, please accept this book as your complimentary desk
copy. Outside of the United States, please contact your local sales representative.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
