KINGDOM MONERA
● It is devoid of organelles like
● Prokaryotes are members of the lysosomes, plastids, centrioles,
Kingdom Monera bodies of Golgi, mitochondria,
and so on.
● By binary fission or budding,
derived from the ancient Greek noun they reproduce asexually.
moneres, which Haeckel stated meant ● Peptidoglycan makes up the stiff
"simple"; however, it actually means cell wall.
"single, solitary". ● The locomotory organ is the
flagellum.
A prokaryote is a single-celled organism a slender threadlike structure, especially a
that lacks a nucleus and other microscopic appendage that enables many
membrane-bound organelles. protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to
swim.
● There is no real nucleus in any of ● Environmental decomposers are
the species that make up this those.
kingdom. ● They exhibit many feeding
strategies, including autotrophic,
parasitic, heterotrophic, and
Their DNA is not enclosed within the
saprophytic.
nucleus Autotrophic produce food on their own
while heterotrophic depends to other
● These are the planet’s oldest known organism for food
microbes.
● They are single-celled creatures There are three types of heterotrophic
that are typically found in damp nutrition:
environments.
● Saprotrophic nutrition
● They can be discovered as parasites
● Parasitic nutrition
in other creatures, hot springs, deep
● Holozoic nutrition
oceans, and snow.
Bacteria are microscopic organisms that
Organelles that are bound to membranes can survive in diverse environments. They
are absent in monerans. can be beneficial as well as harmful. They
possess a simple structure without a
A unicellular organism, also known as a
nucleus and a few cell organelles.
single-celled organism, is an organism that
consists of a single cell, unlike a
The bacteria are surrounded by two
multicellular organism that consists of
multiple cells. protective coverings- the outer cell wall
● They have 70S ribosomes in and the inner cell membrane. Some
them. bacteria are also covered by a capsule.
The eubacterial ribosome (70S), which Few bacteria like Mycoplasma do not have
plays a central role in protein synthesis, is a cell wall.
composed of a small (30S) subunit and a
large (50S) subunit. Short whip-like extensions known as pili
● A nuclear membrane does not surround the surface of the bacteria. The
enclose the DNA, which is
long whip-like structures are known as
exposed.
, flagella. attach to the host.
Conjugative pili allow the transfer of
They exhibit autotrophic and heterotrophic DNA between bacteria, in the process of
modes of nutrition. Autotrophic bacteria bacterial conjugation. They are sometimes
derive nutrition from inorganic substances. called “sex pili”, in analogy to sexual
reproduction, because they allow for the
They derive carbon and hydrogen from
exchange of genes via the formation of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, H2, H2S, and “mating pairs”.
NH3. The heterotrophic bacteria depend
upon external organic materials for their They are divided into two categories;
food. These can be saprotrophs, parasites gram-positive and gram-negative,
and symbionts. depending upon the nature of the cell wall
and the stain they take.
Archaebacteria, eubacteria and
cyanobacteria are the three domains of Rhizobium and Clostridium are two
kingdom monera. Archaebacteria are eubacteria.
called ancient bacteria whereas the
eubacteria are called true bacteria. Cyanobacteria
● These are also known as blue-green
Archaebacteria
These are the most ancient bacteria found algae.
in the most extreme habitats such as salty
area (halophiles), hot springs ● These bacteria are photosynthetic
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas in nature.
(methanogens).
● They contain chlorophyll,
The structure of the cell wall is different
carotenoids and phycobilins.
from that of the other bacteria which helps
them survive in extreme conditions.
Chlorophyll is the name of the green
The mode of nutrition is autotrophic. pigment that plants use to make food
during a process called photosynthesis.
The nucleotide sequences of its t-RNA
and r-RNA is unique. Carotenoids are pigments in plants,
tRNA carries the amino acids to the algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.
ribosomes, which has to be added to the Carotenoids act as a type of antioxidant for
polypeptide chain and rRNA forms humans
ribosomes along with proteins
Phycobilins function as light-harvesting
Eubacteria are also known as “true
pigments in most cyanobacteria and red
bacteria”.
algae.
The cell wall is rigid and made up of
peptidoglycans.
● They are found in the aquatic
It moves with the help of flagella. region.
A few bacteria contain short appendages ● Some of these even fix atmospheric
on the cell surface, known as pili which nitrogen.
help the bacteria during sexual
reproduction. Pili also helps a pathogen to
● It is devoid of organelles like
● Prokaryotes are members of the lysosomes, plastids, centrioles,
Kingdom Monera bodies of Golgi, mitochondria,
and so on.
● By binary fission or budding,
derived from the ancient Greek noun they reproduce asexually.
moneres, which Haeckel stated meant ● Peptidoglycan makes up the stiff
"simple"; however, it actually means cell wall.
"single, solitary". ● The locomotory organ is the
flagellum.
A prokaryote is a single-celled organism a slender threadlike structure, especially a
that lacks a nucleus and other microscopic appendage that enables many
membrane-bound organelles. protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to
swim.
● There is no real nucleus in any of ● Environmental decomposers are
the species that make up this those.
kingdom. ● They exhibit many feeding
strategies, including autotrophic,
parasitic, heterotrophic, and
Their DNA is not enclosed within the
saprophytic.
nucleus Autotrophic produce food on their own
while heterotrophic depends to other
● These are the planet’s oldest known organism for food
microbes.
● They are single-celled creatures There are three types of heterotrophic
that are typically found in damp nutrition:
environments.
● Saprotrophic nutrition
● They can be discovered as parasites
● Parasitic nutrition
in other creatures, hot springs, deep
● Holozoic nutrition
oceans, and snow.
Bacteria are microscopic organisms that
Organelles that are bound to membranes can survive in diverse environments. They
are absent in monerans. can be beneficial as well as harmful. They
possess a simple structure without a
A unicellular organism, also known as a
nucleus and a few cell organelles.
single-celled organism, is an organism that
consists of a single cell, unlike a
The bacteria are surrounded by two
multicellular organism that consists of
multiple cells. protective coverings- the outer cell wall
● They have 70S ribosomes in and the inner cell membrane. Some
them. bacteria are also covered by a capsule.
The eubacterial ribosome (70S), which Few bacteria like Mycoplasma do not have
plays a central role in protein synthesis, is a cell wall.
composed of a small (30S) subunit and a
large (50S) subunit. Short whip-like extensions known as pili
● A nuclear membrane does not surround the surface of the bacteria. The
enclose the DNA, which is
long whip-like structures are known as
exposed.
, flagella. attach to the host.
Conjugative pili allow the transfer of
They exhibit autotrophic and heterotrophic DNA between bacteria, in the process of
modes of nutrition. Autotrophic bacteria bacterial conjugation. They are sometimes
derive nutrition from inorganic substances. called “sex pili”, in analogy to sexual
reproduction, because they allow for the
They derive carbon and hydrogen from
exchange of genes via the formation of
atmospheric carbon dioxide, H2, H2S, and “mating pairs”.
NH3. The heterotrophic bacteria depend
upon external organic materials for their They are divided into two categories;
food. These can be saprotrophs, parasites gram-positive and gram-negative,
and symbionts. depending upon the nature of the cell wall
and the stain they take.
Archaebacteria, eubacteria and
cyanobacteria are the three domains of Rhizobium and Clostridium are two
kingdom monera. Archaebacteria are eubacteria.
called ancient bacteria whereas the
eubacteria are called true bacteria. Cyanobacteria
● These are also known as blue-green
Archaebacteria
These are the most ancient bacteria found algae.
in the most extreme habitats such as salty
area (halophiles), hot springs ● These bacteria are photosynthetic
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas in nature.
(methanogens).
● They contain chlorophyll,
The structure of the cell wall is different
carotenoids and phycobilins.
from that of the other bacteria which helps
them survive in extreme conditions.
Chlorophyll is the name of the green
The mode of nutrition is autotrophic. pigment that plants use to make food
during a process called photosynthesis.
The nucleotide sequences of its t-RNA
and r-RNA is unique. Carotenoids are pigments in plants,
tRNA carries the amino acids to the algae, and photosynthetic bacteria.
ribosomes, which has to be added to the Carotenoids act as a type of antioxidant for
polypeptide chain and rRNA forms humans
ribosomes along with proteins
Phycobilins function as light-harvesting
Eubacteria are also known as “true
pigments in most cyanobacteria and red
bacteria”.
algae.
The cell wall is rigid and made up of
peptidoglycans.
● They are found in the aquatic
It moves with the help of flagella. region.
A few bacteria contain short appendages ● Some of these even fix atmospheric
on the cell surface, known as pili which nitrogen.
help the bacteria during sexual
reproduction. Pili also helps a pathogen to
