Indian Constitution
at Work
Textbook in Political Science for Class XI
2018-19
, ISBN 81-7450-550-4
First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
March 2006 Chaitra 1928 q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
Reprinted mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
permission of the publisher.
February 2007 Magha 1928
q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of
December 2007 Pausa 1929 trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the
December 2008 Pausa 1930 publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in
January 2010 Magha 1931 which it is published.
November 2010 Kartika 1932 q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any
revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other
November 2013 Kartika 1935 means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.
December 2014 Pausa 1936
OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION
December 2015 Agrahayana 1937
DIVISION, NCERT
January 2017 Pausa 1938
January 2018 Magha 1939 NCERT Campus
Sri Aurobindo Marg
New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
PD 100T HK 108, 100 Feet Road
Hosdakere Halli Extension
© National Council of Educational Banashankari III Stage
Bangaluru 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740
Research and Training, 2006
Navjivan Trust Building
P.O.Navjivan
Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446
CWC Campus
Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop
Panihati
Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454
CWC Complex
Rs 100.00 Maligaon
Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869
Publication Team
The cartoons on the cover have
Head, Publication : M. Siraj Anwar
been taken from the works of –
Division
Shankar Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal
R.K. Laxman Chief Business : Gautam Ganguly
Manager
Chief Production : Arun Chitkara
Officer (Incharge)
Assistant Editor : Shashi Chadha
Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT Production Assistant : Mukesh Gaur
watermark
Published at the Publication Division Cover and Layout
by the Secretary, National Council of Shweta Rao
Educational Research and Training,
Sketches
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110
Rajeev Kumar
016 and printed at S.K. Offset (P.)
Ltd., 10, Sports Complex Enclave, Cartoons
Delhi Road, Meerut – 250002 (U.P.) Irfaan Khan
2018-19
,FOREWORD
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that
children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school.
This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning
which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the
school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed
on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea.
They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance
of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these
measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-
centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on
Education (1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals
and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own
learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must
recognise that given space, time and freedom, children generate new
knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by
adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of
examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites
of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible
if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as
receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
These aims imply considerable change in school routines and
mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary
as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required
number of teaching days is actually devoted to teaching. The methods
used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective
this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy
experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus
designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by
restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with
greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for
teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving
higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and
wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring
hands-on experience.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development
committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the
2018-19
, iv
Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari
Vasudevan and the Chief Advisors for this book, Professor Suhas
Palshikar and Professor Yogendra Yadav for guiding the work of this
committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this
textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible.
We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have
generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and
personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National
Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary
and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development
under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and
Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution.
As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous
improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes
comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further
revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 December 2005 Research and Training
2018-19
at Work
Textbook in Political Science for Class XI
2018-19
, ISBN 81-7450-550-4
First Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
March 2006 Chaitra 1928 q No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,
Reprinted mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
permission of the publisher.
February 2007 Magha 1928
q This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of
December 2007 Pausa 1929 trade, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise disposed of without the
December 2008 Pausa 1930 publisher’s consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in
January 2010 Magha 1931 which it is published.
November 2010 Kartika 1932 q The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page, Any
revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other
November 2013 Kartika 1935 means is incorrect and should be unacceptable.
December 2014 Pausa 1936
OFFICES OF THE PUBLICATION
December 2015 Agrahayana 1937
DIVISION, NCERT
January 2017 Pausa 1938
January 2018 Magha 1939 NCERT Campus
Sri Aurobindo Marg
New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
PD 100T HK 108, 100 Feet Road
Hosdakere Halli Extension
© National Council of Educational Banashankari III Stage
Bangaluru 560 085 Phone : 080-26725740
Research and Training, 2006
Navjivan Trust Building
P.O.Navjivan
Ahmedabad 380 014 Phone : 079-27541446
CWC Campus
Opp. Dhankal Bus Stop
Panihati
Kolkata 700 114 Phone : 033-25530454
CWC Complex
Rs 100.00 Maligaon
Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869
Publication Team
The cartoons on the cover have
Head, Publication : M. Siraj Anwar
been taken from the works of –
Division
Shankar Chief Editor : Shveta Uppal
R.K. Laxman Chief Business : Gautam Ganguly
Manager
Chief Production : Arun Chitkara
Officer (Incharge)
Assistant Editor : Shashi Chadha
Printed on 80 GSM paper with NCERT Production Assistant : Mukesh Gaur
watermark
Published at the Publication Division Cover and Layout
by the Secretary, National Council of Shweta Rao
Educational Research and Training,
Sketches
Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi 110
Rajeev Kumar
016 and printed at S.K. Offset (P.)
Ltd., 10, Sports Complex Enclave, Cartoons
Delhi Road, Meerut – 250002 (U.P.) Irfaan Khan
2018-19
,FOREWORD
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF), 2005, recommends that
children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school.
This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning
which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the
school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed
on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea.
They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance
of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these
measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-
centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on
Education (1986).
The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals
and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own
learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must
recognise that given space, time and freedom, children generate new
knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by
adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of
examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites
of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity and initiative is possible
if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as
receivers of a fixed body of knowledge.
These aims imply considerable change in school routines and
mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary
as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required
number of teaching days is actually devoted to teaching. The methods
used for teaching and evaluation will also determine how effective
this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy
experience, rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus
designers have tried to address the problem of curricular burden by
restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with
greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for
teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving
higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and
wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring
hands-on experience.
The National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT) appreciates the hard work done by the textbook development
committee responsible for this book. We wish to thank the
2018-19
, iv
Chairperson of the advisory group in Social Sciences, Professor Hari
Vasudevan and the Chief Advisors for this book, Professor Suhas
Palshikar and Professor Yogendra Yadav for guiding the work of this
committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this
textbook; we are grateful to their principals for making this possible.
We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have
generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and
personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National
Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary
and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development
under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and
Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution.
As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous
improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes
comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further
revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 December 2005 Research and Training
2018-19
