Open stax Psychology exam 2 Q&A Verified 100%

Open stax Psychology exam 2 Q&A Verified 100% Sensation - occurs when special receptors in the sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds) are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. Transduction - is the process of turning outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity (action potential Just noticeable difference - smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time. Absolute threshold - the lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time Perception - is the method by which the brain takes all of the sensations a person experiences at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion Bottom-up processing: - sensory input leads to perception Top-down processing: - knowledge, experiences and thoughts lead to perception Subliminal processing - processing of stimuli on an unconscious level Habituation: - Stimuli that does not change is not consciously attended to because lower centers of the brain filter the sensory stimulation (it is ignored). So even though information is still affecting sensory receptors, we don't perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time. Sensory adaptation - is different because the receptory cells are less or no longer responsive. inattentional blindness - Sensation can occur without perception Albert Einstein - proposed that light is actually tiny packets of waves called photons that have specific wavelengths associated with them Brightness relates to the amplitude - How high or low the wave is. The higher the wave, the brighter the light. Trichromatic theory of color vision - three types of cones are sensitive to the red, green or blue wavelength and all colors are produced by various combinations of these photosensitive cones. Opponent-process theory - Suggest that some cells are excited by one wavelength and inhibited by other wavelengths in pairs and that color perception is a mixture of activity of all three types of cone cells. We dont experience greenish-red or yellowish-blue Neural adaption - sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time Afterimage - The effect of staring at at a particular color to long. This is usually the opposite in the pair of the color you were looking at. Monocular cues - We perceive depth in a two-dimension figure. include size and distance Taste - Buds that composed of a number of individual taste receptors cells that transmit information to nerves. have a life cycle of 10-14 days and have four basic groups sweet, salty , sour and bitter. Gestalt principles of perception - literally means forms or patterns with implying that perception of the whole form or pattern is more than or different from the sum of its parts and we perceive or organize sensory information in predictable ways call acquisition - period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response associative learning - form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) classical conditioning - learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior cognitive map - mental picture of the layout of the environment conditioned response (CR) - response caused by the conditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus (CS) - stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus continuous reinforcement - rewarding a behavior every time it occurs extinction - decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus fixed interval reinforcement schedule - behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time fixed ratio reinforcement schedule - set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded