HRS 4530 Final Exam Questions And Answers 2024

body composition - correct answer-relative percentages of fat, muscle, bone and water in body essential fat - correct answer-fat required for normal physiological functioning; men: 3%, women: 12% storage fat - correct answer-fat not needed for vital organ functions, fat accumulation in adipose tissue. Energy source, helps insulate body subcutaneous storage fat - correct answer-fat stored right under the skin visceral storage fat - correct answer-fat between and surrounding abdominal organs abdominal adiposity - correct answer-accumulation of visceral fat obesity - correct answer-excess accumulation of body fat that poses a risk to health. Driven by poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors metabolic syndrome - correct answer-clustering of factors that increase risk for heart attack, stroke, and type 2 DM. Need presence of at least 3 risk factors: abdominal obesity, serum triglycerides, serum HDL cholesterol, BP, and fasting blood glucose body mass index - correct answer-body mass (kg)/stature (m^2) or body mass (lb)/height (in^2) * 703 hydrostatic weighing (underwater weighing) - correct answer-based on Archimedes' principle. Calculation of body fat from body density. Density= body weight/body volume. Body volume=body weight-underwater body weight. Assumption: density of fat mass and fat-free mass constant Archimedes' principle - correct answer-the volume of an object submerged in water equals the volume of the water the object displaces air displacement plethysmography (BodPod) - correct answer-measures body volume by air displacement. Assumption: density of fat mass and fat-free mass constant skinfold measurements - correct answer-estimates body fat from double fold of skin and adipose tissue. Most widely used two-compartment method bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) - correct answer-measures impedance by body tissues to the flow of a small electrical current. Measured resistance to electrical current entered into standard equations dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) - correct answer-2 different energy level x-rays. Muscle, fat and bone mass each attenuate (reduce) the x-ray signal in unique ways. Computer analyzes scan point to determine body composition. 3-compartment model weight gain practices - correct answer-need to take in more energy than expended. Add ~500 kcal per day to diet. Include variety of energy dense, nutritious choices, maintain regular meal patterns, incorporate frequent snacks. Include regular strength training in exercise routine and take measures to optimize recovery. Ensure adequate protein intake weight loss practices - correct answer-need to expend more energy than consumed. Acquire energy deficit of ~500 kcal/day. Increase physical activity energy expenditure. Make small, manageable changes Minnesota starvation experiment - correct answer-conducted by Alcel Keys et. al. in 1945. First study on physiological and psychological effects of starvation. N=36, males. 3 month baseline period followed by 6 month caloric restricted diet fad diets - correct answer-promote rapid weight loss, applies strict food rules, excludes or severely restricts certain foods/food groups. Poor sustainability, short-term weight loss followed by rapid weight regain macronutrient composition - correct answer-percentages of carbs, protein and fat in total caloric intake ketogenesis - correct answer-formation of ketone bodies, synthesized in liver celiac disease - correct answer-autoimmune condition, genetic component. Impacts the small intestine. Gluten intolerance (intestinal inflammation, nutrient absorption decreases) gluten - correct answer-protein found in wheat, barley, and rye type 1 diabetes - correct answer-autoimmune disorder where pancreas does not produce insulin type 2 diabetes - correct answer-genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors. Insulin resistance and pancreatic dysfunction hypoglycemia - correct answer-low blood glucose