lOMoAR
lOMoARcPSD|
cPSD|36357603
3635
PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSING NCLEX
REVIEW FINAL EXAM
1. Heart Failure- Etiology: Risk factors: HTN and CAD
HF cause: any interference with normal mechanisms regulating Cardiac Output
(CO)
Any changes in preload, afterload, HR, & contractility lead to HF
Primary Causes
Precipitating causes- increase workload of heart -> acute condition and decreased
heart function
2. Left-sided Heart Failure: Most common form
Inability of left ventricle (LV) to adequately empty during systole or fill during
diastole
Types: Systolic, diastolic, or mixed systolic and diastolic
3. Systolic Heart Failure: Inability of heart to pump blood effectively
Decreased ejection fraction (EF)
LV becomes dilated and hypertrophied due to not enough pressure to eject blood
through aorta
LV failure, blood backs up into left atrium -> fluid in lungs -> pulmonary edema and
congestion
4. Diastolic Heart Failure: Inability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
Main Cause: HTN
High filling pressures due to stiff ventricles; decreased filling of the ventricles ->
decreased stroke volume (SV) and CO -> pulmonary congestion
Diagnosed:
-S&S of HF
-Normal EF
-LV diastolic dysfunction evidence
5. Mixed Systolic and Diastolic HF: Dilated cardiomyopathy
Low EF, high pulmonary pressure, biventricular failure
Low: BP, CO, and poor renal perfusion
6. Right sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale): Right ventricle (RV) fails to pump
effectively
RV failure -> Venous system fluid back up-> movement of fluids into tissues &
organs
Most common cause: Left sided HF
7. Left-sided HF Clinical manifestations: LV heaves; alternating pulses; ‘ HR; LV
hypertrophy; “ PaO2, slight ‘ PaCO2; Crackles; S3 & S4; Pleural effusion; changes
in mental status; restlessness/ confusion
, lOMoAR cPSD| 36357603
, lOMoAR cPSD| 36357603
Weakness, fatigue; anxiety, depression; dyspnea; shallow respirations; paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea; orthopnea; dry hacking cough; nocturia; frothy, pink-tinged
sputum
8. Right sided HF Clinical manifestations: RV heaves; murmurs; JVD; edema;
weight gain; ‘ HR; Ascites; Anasarca; Hepatomegaly
Fatigue; anxiety,depression; dependent, bilateral edema; RUQ pain; anorexia and
GI bloating; Nausea
9. HF: Goals: Decrease pt. symptoms
Improve LV function
Reverse ventricular remodeling
Improve quality of life
Decrease mortality and morbidity
10. HF: Implementation: High fowlers position
Supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support
Continuous ECG monitoring
Decrease intravascular volume
11. HF: Nutrition: Diet and weight reduction: individual reccomendations
DASH diet
Sodium restricted to 2.5 g/ day
Fluid restriction not generally required
Daily Weights- same time and clothing each day
*Weight gain of 3 lbs. over 2 days or a 3-5 lbs. weight gain over a week needs to
be reported to a health care provider
12. A patient has 40 mg of oral furosemide prescribed twice a day. What time
will you instruct the patient to take the medication?
A. 8 am and 8 pm
B. 8 am and 2 pm
C. 12 pm and 6 pm: B. 8 am and 2 pm
13. Which classification of medication is used to decrease intravascular
volume in HF?
A. Potassium Supplements
B. ACE Inhibitors
C. Beta Blockers
D. Diuretics: D. Diuretics
lOMoARcPSD|
cPSD|36357603
3635
PHARMACOLOGY FOR NURSING NCLEX
REVIEW FINAL EXAM
1. Heart Failure- Etiology: Risk factors: HTN and CAD
HF cause: any interference with normal mechanisms regulating Cardiac Output
(CO)
Any changes in preload, afterload, HR, & contractility lead to HF
Primary Causes
Precipitating causes- increase workload of heart -> acute condition and decreased
heart function
2. Left-sided Heart Failure: Most common form
Inability of left ventricle (LV) to adequately empty during systole or fill during
diastole
Types: Systolic, diastolic, or mixed systolic and diastolic
3. Systolic Heart Failure: Inability of heart to pump blood effectively
Decreased ejection fraction (EF)
LV becomes dilated and hypertrophied due to not enough pressure to eject blood
through aorta
LV failure, blood backs up into left atrium -> fluid in lungs -> pulmonary edema and
congestion
4. Diastolic Heart Failure: Inability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole
Main Cause: HTN
High filling pressures due to stiff ventricles; decreased filling of the ventricles ->
decreased stroke volume (SV) and CO -> pulmonary congestion
Diagnosed:
-S&S of HF
-Normal EF
-LV diastolic dysfunction evidence
5. Mixed Systolic and Diastolic HF: Dilated cardiomyopathy
Low EF, high pulmonary pressure, biventricular failure
Low: BP, CO, and poor renal perfusion
6. Right sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale): Right ventricle (RV) fails to pump
effectively
RV failure -> Venous system fluid back up-> movement of fluids into tissues &
organs
Most common cause: Left sided HF
7. Left-sided HF Clinical manifestations: LV heaves; alternating pulses; ‘ HR; LV
hypertrophy; “ PaO2, slight ‘ PaCO2; Crackles; S3 & S4; Pleural effusion; changes
in mental status; restlessness/ confusion
, lOMoAR cPSD| 36357603
, lOMoAR cPSD| 36357603
Weakness, fatigue; anxiety, depression; dyspnea; shallow respirations; paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea; orthopnea; dry hacking cough; nocturia; frothy, pink-tinged
sputum
8. Right sided HF Clinical manifestations: RV heaves; murmurs; JVD; edema;
weight gain; ‘ HR; Ascites; Anasarca; Hepatomegaly
Fatigue; anxiety,depression; dependent, bilateral edema; RUQ pain; anorexia and
GI bloating; Nausea
9. HF: Goals: Decrease pt. symptoms
Improve LV function
Reverse ventricular remodeling
Improve quality of life
Decrease mortality and morbidity
10. HF: Implementation: High fowlers position
Supplemental oxygen or ventilatory support
Continuous ECG monitoring
Decrease intravascular volume
11. HF: Nutrition: Diet and weight reduction: individual reccomendations
DASH diet
Sodium restricted to 2.5 g/ day
Fluid restriction not generally required
Daily Weights- same time and clothing each day
*Weight gain of 3 lbs. over 2 days or a 3-5 lbs. weight gain over a week needs to
be reported to a health care provider
12. A patient has 40 mg of oral furosemide prescribed twice a day. What time
will you instruct the patient to take the medication?
A. 8 am and 8 pm
B. 8 am and 2 pm
C. 12 pm and 6 pm: B. 8 am and 2 pm
13. Which classification of medication is used to decrease intravascular
volume in HF?
A. Potassium Supplements
B. ACE Inhibitors
C. Beta Blockers
D. Diuretics: D. Diuretics
