NURSING 159 MODULE II STUDY GUIDE|Questions with
Complete Solutions
What is a normal blood glucose?
74-106 mg/dL
How does insulin work to help with glucose metabolism?
Insulin allows glucose to enter the cell. Glucose cannot enter the cell without insulin
what are the counterregulatory hormones?
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
what are the counterregulatory hormones functions?
The counterregulatory hormones are a group of hormones that have the opposite effect of insulin on
skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
what is type 1 diabetes?
where the pancreas produces little to no insulin - insulin dependent
what is the etiology/pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of the B-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and/or insulin
what is the onset of type 1 diabetes?
rapid onset: usually abrupt with hyperglycemia and DKA
what are the clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes?
DKA
weight loss
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
what is type 2 diabetes?
It occurs when the body does not properly use insulin.
what is the etiology/pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
Characterized by a combination of insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, and excessive
glucose production from the liver
what is the onset for type 2 diabetes?
,Progressive onset, usually in obese patients
what are the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes?
Often nonspecific
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphasia
fatigue
recurrent infections
prolonged wound healing
vision problems
what are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes?
- being overweight or obese
- age (usually older adults)
- family hx of DM
Who is more at risk for type 2 diabetes?
- African Americans
- Asian
- Hispanic
- Native Hawaiians
- other pacific islanders
- Native Americans
what is prediabetes?
Impaired glucose tolerance,
impaired fasting glucose, or both
what is the criteria of diagnosis for prediabetes?
- 2hour oral glucose tolerance test values of 140-199
- fasting glucose of 100-125
what is the criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes?
- A1C of 6.5% or higher
- fasting (8hr) plasma glucose of 126 or greater
- a 2 hour plasma glucose level of 200 or greater during OGTT, using a glucose load of 75g
what type of diabetes requires the use of exogenous insulin?
type 1 DM
, what are the 4 insulin types?
rapid acting
short acting
intermediate acting
long acting
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for rapid acting insulin?
Onset: 10-30 minutes
Peak: 30min - 3hr
Duration: 3-5hr
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for short acting insulin?
Onset: 30min - 1hr
Peak: 2-5hr
Duration: 5-8hr
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for intermediate-acting insulin?
Onset: 1.5 - 4hrs
Peak: 4 - 12hrs
Duration: 12-18hrs
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for long acting insulin?
Onset: 0.8 - 4hrs
Peak: No peak
Duration: 16 - 24hrs
For rapid-acting and short-acting insulins, when should you administer them in relation to meals?
- 15 minutes prior to meals
where is insulin administered?
Subq abdomen, thigh, back of the arms, buttocks
*abdomen = best for absorption
How should insulin be stored?
Unopened pens and vials are refrigerated
Open vials and pens can be kept at room temperature and not in the sun
what is bolus insulin?
mealtime insulin
rapid or short acting insulin
Complete Solutions
What is a normal blood glucose?
74-106 mg/dL
How does insulin work to help with glucose metabolism?
Insulin allows glucose to enter the cell. Glucose cannot enter the cell without insulin
what are the counterregulatory hormones?
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
what are the counterregulatory hormones functions?
The counterregulatory hormones are a group of hormones that have the opposite effect of insulin on
skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue.
what is type 1 diabetes?
where the pancreas produces little to no insulin - insulin dependent
what is the etiology/pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of the B-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas and/or insulin
what is the onset of type 1 diabetes?
rapid onset: usually abrupt with hyperglycemia and DKA
what are the clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes?
DKA
weight loss
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia
what is type 2 diabetes?
It occurs when the body does not properly use insulin.
what is the etiology/pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
Characterized by a combination of insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, and excessive
glucose production from the liver
what is the onset for type 2 diabetes?
,Progressive onset, usually in obese patients
what are the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes?
Often nonspecific
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphasia
fatigue
recurrent infections
prolonged wound healing
vision problems
what are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes?
- being overweight or obese
- age (usually older adults)
- family hx of DM
Who is more at risk for type 2 diabetes?
- African Americans
- Asian
- Hispanic
- Native Hawaiians
- other pacific islanders
- Native Americans
what is prediabetes?
Impaired glucose tolerance,
impaired fasting glucose, or both
what is the criteria of diagnosis for prediabetes?
- 2hour oral glucose tolerance test values of 140-199
- fasting glucose of 100-125
what is the criteria for a diagnosis of diabetes?
- A1C of 6.5% or higher
- fasting (8hr) plasma glucose of 126 or greater
- a 2 hour plasma glucose level of 200 or greater during OGTT, using a glucose load of 75g
what type of diabetes requires the use of exogenous insulin?
type 1 DM
, what are the 4 insulin types?
rapid acting
short acting
intermediate acting
long acting
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for rapid acting insulin?
Onset: 10-30 minutes
Peak: 30min - 3hr
Duration: 3-5hr
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for short acting insulin?
Onset: 30min - 1hr
Peak: 2-5hr
Duration: 5-8hr
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for intermediate-acting insulin?
Onset: 1.5 - 4hrs
Peak: 4 - 12hrs
Duration: 12-18hrs
what is the onset, peak, and duration time for long acting insulin?
Onset: 0.8 - 4hrs
Peak: No peak
Duration: 16 - 24hrs
For rapid-acting and short-acting insulins, when should you administer them in relation to meals?
- 15 minutes prior to meals
where is insulin administered?
Subq abdomen, thigh, back of the arms, buttocks
*abdomen = best for absorption
How should insulin be stored?
Unopened pens and vials are refrigerated
Open vials and pens can be kept at room temperature and not in the sun
what is bolus insulin?
mealtime insulin
rapid or short acting insulin
