Criminology final exam (Answered) With Complete Verified Solution 100%

Criminology final exam (Answered) With Complete Verified Solution 100% 1. ________________ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders. a. consensus theory b. conflict theory c. labeling theory d. left realism theory c 2. _____________'s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law. a. Lemert b. Tannenbaum c. Cooley d. Mead e. Becker b 3. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by _______ about the labeling perspective. a. Lemert b. Becker c. Tannenbaum d. Cooley e. Mead b 4. Who is deviance created by? a. law makers b. politicians c. individuals d. society d 5. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light. a. retrospective interpretation b. stereotyping c. status-degradation ceremony d. negotiation a 6. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT: a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts b. law reflects the need for social order c. law is a product of value consensus d. law is a partial system that protects private interests d 7. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT: a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes b. crimes arising from labor disputes c. crimes arising from robbery d. crimes arising from political protest c 8. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of _______________. a. labeling theory b. consensus theory c. radical conflict theory d. group conflict theory c 9. _________ argues that part of human nature is that people's lives are a part, and a product, of their group associations. a. labeling theory b. critical-radical theory c. consensus theory d. group conflict theory d 10. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT: a. neighborhood b. play groups c. family d. celebrities d 11. During the various decision-making stages of police encounters with juveniles, police react to various cues from the juveniles including all of the following EXCEPT: a. hair color b. dress c. age d. demeanor a 12. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in the following three (3) ways. (Choose the answer below that is not one of the three (3) ways Marxist ideology is incorporated.) a. law is a tool of the ruling class b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie d 13. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT: a. labeling theory b. biological theory c. control theory d. strain theory b 14. John Hagan emphasized that labeling theory would likely benefit empirically from the recognition of what type of relationship between the actor and reactor? a. reciprocal b. dissociated c. separate d. independent a 15. ___________ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement. a. left realism b. peacemaking criminology c. restorative justice perspective d. consensus perspective b 16. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT: a. criminal justice system b. victim c. offender d. community a 17. The four sides of the square of crime include all of the following EXCEPT: a. the state b. the offender c. the proletariat d. the victim c 18. Left realists stress the necessity of a _______ strategy in a capitalist society. a. crime-control b. problem-oriented c. community-oriented d. crime-prevention a 19. An example of a diversionary program is ___________. a. prison b. youth courts c. parole d. state-jail facility b 20. According to Tannenbaum, the process of making the criminal involves all of the following EXCEPT: a. defining the individual b. stigmatizing the individual c. identifying the individual d. tagging the individual b 21. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT: a. feminist b. religious c. critical d. consensus d 22. Turk's ___________ (the process of being labeled a criminal) occurs through the interaction between those who enforce the law and those who violate the law. a. consensus theory b. labeling theory c. theory of criminalization d. conflict theory c 23. _________ is usually associated with racial prejudice and discrimination and can also occur in police encounters with juveniles. [ a. retrospective interpretation b. stereotyping c. status-degradation ceremony d. negotiation b 24. Mead was concerned with the ________, or ascertaining the meaning of the actions or remarks of the other person. a. interpretation b. definition c. label d. symbol a 25. _________ made a significant contribution to the labeling perspective by distinguishing between primary and secondary deviance. a. Lemert b. Tannenbaum c. Cooley d. Mead a 26. The superordinate class that owns the means of production is called the bourgeoisie. a. True b. False f 27. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general. a. True b. False f 28. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power. a. True b. False f 29. Non-symbolic interaction occurs when individuals interpret each other's gestures and act based on the meaning of those gestures. a. True b. False f 30. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment. a. True b. False t 31. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they lack one side of the square of crime. a. True b. False f 32. Negotiation is more .noticeable in cases involving adults rather than juveniles. a. True b. False t 33. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior. a. True b. False t 34. Cultural norms are associated with actual behavior patterns (e.g., the law as enforced). a. True b. False f 35. The dramatization of evil states that when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize it. a. True b. False t 36. A major policy implication of labeling theory relates to incorporating diversion programs, particularly for juveniles. a. True b. False t 37. The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses.