Criminology - Understanding Crime & Criminology (1-2) (Answered) With Complete verified Solution

Criminology - Understanding Crime & Criminology (1-2) (Answered) With Complete verified Solution 28. The academic discipline of criminology uses scientific methods to study the__________ of criminal behavior. a. nature, extent, cause, and control b. history, economics, and control c. prevalence, placement, and reduction d. economics, politics, and policies ANSWER: a 29. Marvin Wolfgang's 1958 study Patterns in Criminal Homicide is an example of which subarea of the criminological enterprise? a. Developing theories of crime causation b. Understanding and describing criminal behavior c. Criminal statistics/crime measurement d. Sociology of law ANSWER: b 30. Gathering valid crime data, devising new research methods, and measuring crime patterns and trends fall under the ______ subarea of the criminological enterprise. a. victimology b. penology/sentencing/corrections c. theory construction d. criminal statistics/crime measurement ANSWER: d 31. Criminologists interested in computing criminal statistics focus on creating ________ measurements of criminal behavior. a. tactical and strategic b. valid and reliable c. legal and positivist d. current and applicable ANSWER: b 32. Caesar Beccaria, in the 1700s, was one of the first scholars to develop a systematic understanding of why people commit crime. Beccaria helped to form the core of what today is referred to as ______________ criminology. a. determinism b. classical c. positivism d. Marxism ANSWER: b 33. "Let the punishment fit the crime" refers to which criminological school of thought? a. Positivist criminology b. Developmental criminology c. Classical criminology d. Sociological criminology ANSWER: c 34. The man who was considered the "father of criminology" and who referred to offenders as "born criminals" was a. Cesare Lombroso b. Keith Bell c. Emile Durkheim d. Jeremy Bentham ANSWER: a 35. Individuals interact with various people, organizations, institutions, and social norms as they mature and develop. This process is referred to as ______. a. integration b. socialization c. assimilation d. civilization ANSWER: b 36. The ______ was a group of urban sociologists who examined how neighborhood conditions, such as poverty levels, influenced crime rates. Their sociological vision transformed into social structure theory. a. Philadelphia School b. Seattle School c. Chicago School d. New York School ANSWER: c 37. The writings of Karl Marx have had a great impact on _________ criminology, which faults the economic system for producing the conditions that lead to high crime rates. a. classical b. positivist c. developmental d. critical ANSWER: d 38. According to the structural perspective, crime rates are a function of _____ forces, such as neighborhood conditions, cultural factors, and norm conflict. a. situational b. internal c. political d. ecological ANSWER: d 39. According to the biological/psychological perspective, which type of forces account for crime? a. Internal b. Political c. Ecological d. Situational ANSWER: a 40. A deviant act becomes a crime when it is defined, _____. a. challenged, and banned under common law b. stigmatized, and banned under procedural law c. prohibited, and punished under criminal law d. prohibited, and punished under civil law ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 41. Which of the following situations reflect an act of deviance as opposed to a crime? a. A thief who steals an unlocked automobile b. A passerby who observes a person drowning and does not offer aid c. A person who withdraws from family after joining a religious cult d. A man who rapes a woman ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 42. In the 1930s, Harry Anslinger, then head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, launched a successful effort to criminalize marijuana, which had been legal until that time. Which concept of crime does Anslinger's moral crusade reflect? a. Consensus view of crime b. Conflict view of crime c. Interactionist view of crime d. Legalistic view of crime ANSWER: c REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 43. Which concept of crime implies that crimes are behaviors that all members of society consider to be repugnant, be they rich and powerful or poor and powerless? a. Consensus view of crime b. Conflict view of crime c. Interactionist view of crime d. Legalistic view of crime ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 44. The _______ view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation. a. consensus b. conflict c. interactionist d. legalistic ANSWER: b REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 45. Mala in se crimes, such as murder and rape, reflect which view of crime? a. Consensus view of crime b. Conflict view of crime c. Interactionist view of crime d. Legalistic view of crime ANSWER: a REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 46. For the consensus view of crime, it is the ______ that defines crimes and their punishments. a. social contract b. legal code c. moral code d. written code ANSWER: d REFERENCES: Deviant or Criminal? How Criminologists Define Crime 47. Which of the following is not a legitimate social goal of the criminal law? a. Enforcing social control b. Encouraging revenge c. Expressing public opinion and morality d. Deterring criminal behavior ANSWER: b 48. Mala prohibitum crimes, such as traffic offenses and gambling violations, change according to social conditions and attitudes. Criminal law is used to codify these changes, reflecting which purpose of law? a. Enforcing social control b. Creating equity c. Expressing public opinion and morality d. Maintaining social order ANSWER: c 49. The American legal system is a direct descendent of _____. a. Roman appellate law b. British appellate law c. British common law d. Roman common law ANSWER: c 50. The most famous set of written laws of the ancient world was a code based on punishment via physical retaliation, "an eye for an eye," but the severity of punishment was dependent on one's class standing. This code was known as the ______. a. Code of Hammurabi b. Mosaic Code c. Judeo-Christian Code d. Code of the Israelites ANSWER: a 51. Under common law, if a royal judge successfully applied a ruling in a number of different cases and published that ruling in order that other judges could apply